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SEPT/OCT 86 BULK RATE
VOL.2 NO.G * PAID
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SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 86
VOL.2 NO.6

MAGAZINE

FOR ALL TIMEX AND
SINCLAIR COMPUTERS

TIME DESIGNS MAGAZINE Co.
29722 Hult Rd.» Colton, Oregon 97017

(503) 824-2658

TIME DESIGNS MAGAZINE is published bi-
monthly and is Copyright @ 1986 by the Time
Designs Magazine Company, Colton, Oregon
$7017. All rights reserved.

Editor: Tim Woods

Assistant Editor: Stephanie Woods

Edltorlal Assistant Production: D.L. Woods
Photography:

{unless otherwise noted): Thomas Judd

Printing by, Toad’ Litho Printing and Comp..
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Please write or call TIME DESIGNS.

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Prohibited by aw

*HOTICE: Contribuiors t0 TIME DESIGNS are independent
Of the TIME DESIGNS MAGAZINE CO., and opinions ex-
pressed in the contents of the magazine arenot necessarily
those of the management or its advertisers. Time Designs
Magazine Co. wiinotbe holdiiable for any damage or conse-
Quences resulting trom instructions, assertions of fact,
review of products or companies provided ia the magazine's
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COMMENTS
by the editor

Commodore...Soon to join our ranks?

It's been a downhill slide ever since Jack saw the
greener grass over at Atari, packed his bags and left
Commodore, the company he saw rise to prominence in just
three years. Things are bad at Commodore. Real bad.
Experts say the the company is losing nearly 120 million

@ year--that figures out to be around 3 million a week!
If Commodore does bail out, one can only wonder
what's in stone for countless enthusiasts world-wide.

Will the small company and cottage industry be the main
source of support, just like our own community emerged
two years ago? Will the slick magazines bail out (just
like SYNC and TIMEX/SINCLAIR USER did)? A lot of after-
market software and hardware houses are counting on the
health of Commodore for their very existence.

What does all of this mean to you and me? Actually,
I want to use Commodore as a "vehicle" for my annual
lecture on SUPPORT. Where would we be without our disk
drives, printer interfaces, Spectrum Emulators; not to
mention some really great home-brew software and various

publications? We would have been dead in the water
months ago,
Will our supply of computer "goodies" last. 1

believe so...but it will require everyones participation
and SUPPORT. Unless we send for that great-looking new
program or board for our Sinclair, or even just respond
to catalog offers that we read in newsletters and mags~-~
we won't have Aerco, E. Arthur Brown, Zebra Systems.
Novelsoft, Weymil Corp, Curry, Knighted-~so forth and so
on. If you have been thinking about a new purchase. ..now
is the time...tomorrow maybe a little too late.

I always wonder as I'm “pasting up" the ads in TIME
DESIGNS, just how many readers actually pay attention to
them, Some company has paid us good money for a spot in
the magazine, This helps offset our production costs.
Please SUPPORT our dear advertisers, they SUPPORT us.

Well, another lecture has come to a close. I'll get
down off my soapbox now. Enjoy this issue of TDM, and
get ready for the next one--our Second Anniversary
Issue, And what a celebration that one's going to be!

Tim (Jeo

“the editor”

on the cover:

Regular colurntet, Paul Bloghae ie
3 oes Ath

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FORO kk ok

NEW FOR YOUR T/S 2068
Ute

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LETTERS

To the Editor,

{really enjoy your magazine and please keep up the

good work! I have a question,..do you know of any 88S
Program for the 2068 (using the 2050 modem)?
T have included two graphic printouts that I made

using @ program that I cal) "draw". Hope you enjoy them
as much as I did making them,

Truly yours,

Clifton Tiddle
Ofamond Bar, CA

Editon: Cédgton, your dm Luck, T fust Lalked Lo Eben
Brown on the phone, of E. Arthur Broun Co. (3404 Pawnee
Drive, Abexandria, MN $6308, 612/762-8847), He has a nee
BBS program that witl be featured in his next catalog.
It's cakked CASBOARD 2088, and is avaitable on céther
cassette on ACJ wager. The Load and Save commands are in
BASIC, 40 the program could be easity converted to any
disk drive system. CASBOARD, was programmed by Kurt
Casby, best known for his LOADER series of programs.
Pretiminary specégications sound great...and should be a
Lot of fun setting up a sma£é home-based BBS. Price és
$19.95 plus $1.95 for postage.
I did enjoy your drawings
here gor others to admire,

and I've printed them

To the Editor and the Readers:

Can anyone come up with a simple progran for my
T/S 2068 which will print the characters immediately on
the printer instead of on the screen? With this capa-
bility I would Vike to use the computer and its printer
without the T¥/monitor to do simple computations. Can
anyone help?

Sincerely,

Michael J Nowak
San Diego, CA

Editor: I'L forward any possible solutions on to Mr.
Nowak that we recedve, as well as publish them in an up-
coming issue. T assume that the reference to a "printer"
means the Timex 2040 thermal printer. C'mon programmers!

dear Tin,

Thank you for showing interest in ay
1 have written to other publications, but
answered to say the were not
permission to print my address, I will be

little gizmo,
no one even
You have ny
glad to cor-

interested,

respond with anyone who needs more information on adding

automatic two-key entry from a one-key closure
external keyboard like the TI 994/A

(to an
surplus keyboard),
Sincerely,

D, (Sandy) Rea
Rt. 1 Box 18
Priest River, 10 83956

Editon: I appreciate you sharing your circuit déagnan
with us.
hice
Jy Gate V4 uo:
if aieee

Keybenra Key
exteey hact

Tim:

Be Savete buy
AlbbA Chip
"A's ber bower

iF ‘Shift wey

Om Resictince,
esstaura { =f] Wiikey Arzow

When key is closed, +5 volts is applied to
both gate inputs. Gate #1 switches immediately
closing switch #1 in 4066 for shift function.
Gate #2, because of delay in charging Cl thru
Rl switches after gate #1, closing switch #2
for cursor-left function. If this circuit is
duplicated for more functions such as shift
cursor-right, the shift key sections of the
4066 may be tied in parallel, as sany sections
of the 4066 may be done this way, as desired.

The gates' chip can be any OR Punction chip,
TTL, CMOS or LS.
I remember some time ago in TOM that you asked

readers to send some simple programs for publication, so
enclosed is one for the 2068, which you may use if you
Wish. As you can see, this calculates the number of days
between any 2 dates (1 think the limits are 1900 to
2010) and accounts for leap years, also.

By the way, in the Jan/Feb 86 issue, page 3, you
published a T/S 1000 “bubble sort* for a reader. I could
not make the program work without deleting line 230 (LET
Wel).

Leo Schroeder
Billings, MT

2 REM DAY
Poke
9.

ETUEEN DATES
S KEY BEEP

10 POKE 208: GO TO aee
200 LeT 3) LET JeINT (2
zean23) - 26 +7) £4438 747 40-IN
T_CCINT {07 4} 3374): RETURN
924 INPUT “FIRST DATE? MO-DAY-v
MyO.4;, RINT “FIRST DATE") H;

post aay
S GO SUB 100: LET vie
© INPUT “LAST GATE? MO-DAY-YR
Y: PRINT “LAST DATE "5M;

ayy
UB 200: PRINT “DAYS BET
TES "GF J=J2

8
give:
23503,
V4 (HC
iT 240
108) +

noe

eee

What’s In A Name?

Early in 1983, advertisements
INTERNATIONAL appeared in the national Sinclair
magazine SYNC, Ramex, of Utica, Michigan, sold
externa) 2x81 keyboards, RAM packs, anong other
itens. With the advent of the 2068, the company
expanded further, under the direction of genera
sanager, Scott Duncan. They obtained the ex-
clusive marketing rights to TASWORD TKO word
processor fron Tasman Software in Great Britain
Later on, after Timex bailed out of the
computer market, Ramex imported a Spectrum di
Grtve interface for the T/S 2068 and coupled it
with quad drives as a package...1t was called
the “Millennfa K". An “overkill” with the quad
drives later Jed to an Andet 3” disk systea.

Then fn February of 1986, Ramex announced
that they were no longer supporting Timex com-
puters or their disk drive systen, but instead
Qpted to carry the American version of the QL
fron Sinclair Research plus peripherals and
software. They changed the name Ramex Inter-
national to FOUNDATION SYSTEMS. About the sane
time, they moved from their original factlities
to an address in Washington, Michigan. A new
public relations manager wrote a review cn the
QL, which appeared in the February issue of
Computer Shopper.

When A> Computer Response of Keene, New
Hampshire, took over distribution of the CL in

for RAMEX

the U.S., Foundation Systems became a fully
authorized dealer,
In June and July of this year, severa?

readers of TOH wrote. requesting assistance In
contacting Foundation Systems, because ls they
had sent for were not being delivered. wnat TDM
learned was that the distributor, A* Computer
Response was receiving similar coeplaints, and
that Foundation's phone nuaber had been dis~
connected. A spokesperson for A+ Informed TDM
that Foundation was no longer an authorized Ql
dealer.

Sy surprise, in August, TOM was informed
that once more, another company had surfaced
using the some Washington, Michigan address...it
is called MATRIX TECHNOLOGIES. The company took
out a small ad in the September 1986 issue of
Family Computing Magazine. The new product? 10H
PC clones for $399,

Sir Clive’s Confessions

Entrepeneur extraordinaire, Sir Clive Sinclair, has ended several
months of silence, following the sale of major interests in his company that
pioneered low-cost home computers, to Amstrad Consumer Electronics PLC. Last
week, Sir Clive came out of seclusion and spoke with the British press. The
following comments were taken from two separate interviews relating to
questions posed about Sinclair microcomputers.

Sir Clive on the Spectrum-

"The Spectrum was and still is an enormous success although it is
showing it's age a bit. I was rather surprised to see it turn out to be a
games machine,..we really knew very little about that side of the market.”

What about the QL?

“TI think the QL was an interesting idea...a sophisticated machine, but
in the end it didn’t work out very well, as we had originally anticipated.
The market for a 68000-based micro wasn’t as big as research led us to
believe. The QL had teething troubles early on. The truth was, that when the
project came up, that tater became the QL...I wanted to do the whote thing
on the Z80 microprocessor, but most of the engineers and Nigel (Nigel
Searle, former Sinclair Marketing Director] wanted to do it on the 68000, I
couldn't see the point of that because it seemed to me you were paying a lot

of money for the chip and I coutdn’t see what you were going to be able to
do on it that you couldn't already do on the 280. Sure it was a bit faster
in principle...but it wasn't that in practice. Looking back there was no
need to go for 68000 technology. We just haven't found a way to use the

68000 that gives any extra benefit to the customer,"

Sir Clive on the Microdrives-

“The bad press the Microdrives received was unfounded, I'd defend them
absoulutely. I think they were a marvelous approach to low cost mass
storage. Their technology and application should be studied further.”

What about the Pandora?

"I want to go ahead with the Pandora project. It will not be compatible
with either the Spectrum or QL, as we have lost alt rights to their tech-
nology. I think it will be best in a way, as it opens the door for a new and
customized operating system, Most of the portable computers available are

compromises of one sort or another. To me, a portable computer must be
totally portable and no trouble to use.”
Amstrad director, Alan Sugar?
“IT hope to keep in touch with Alan Sugar, and I like him
Sir Clive's future?
"Tam most happy right where I am now..tinkering with new projects
the future. To be perfectly honest, I have never felt
the business manager role."

NOVELSOFT Emerges As
Premier TS Software House

very much.”

for
comfortable playing

If one were to imagine what the ideal Timex/Sinclair software company
would be like, some attributes might include a full time office, open for
customer's questions and support, professional products with “complete”

documentation at a fair price and prompt order processing.
Toronto, Canada, may come close to filling the bill.

The reviews are out, and the word is spreading fast about recent soft-
ware releases from Novelsoft; TIMACHINE, quite possibly the best BASIC
Compiler ever for Sinclair computers; ARTHORX Version 1.1, a sophisticated
graphics package; and a brand new release cailed THE WORX!, which is a
collection of useful mini-programs. Ali of these releases are on their way
to achieving "hit" status in the T/S community...a small accomplishment that
would blush next to the giant software houses, but a respectful one never
the less.

According to Novelsoft, Senior Partner, David Ridge, the company was
started to promote their programs in Great Britatna. They have had some in-
terested U.K. software publishers, but the current situation in England with
Amstrad and the Spectrum, has put a halt to most major investments. The
whole industry fs wafting to see what will happen next.

Novelsoft has generously included a version of their popular programs
on one side of the tape for the Timex/Sinclair 2068. The other side has a@
Spectrum version of the program,

NOVELSOFT of

Sinc ‘ sting experts Grey and
i 7 Products), based in

a amnounced the rele

re and thi 2-SI/0 car

he 1/5 2068. The Spect

ectrum-emulated T/S 2
for a later relea

t tr 64 column di
s e transfer, will tr

: Users Group Update
r goodies, either hwest.

clumnist for TOM, and owner

m featured in $

(2144 White Gak, Wichita Sinclair was
K it again. His new program, COLOSSUS 7 terprises; W
1 winner, The program is a graphics banner door prizes and refre The day ¥
age that allows the user to create we, Tin ditor of T t
3 ng, with a variety of t styles House would naval event
nd low-resolution graphics on, over and around

Revox (a manufacturer of “Top-of-the -Line” audio
equipment) recently introduced a cassette deck with an
RS232 port, allowing control of the unit via a computer.
For a mere $1,400.00, this cassette deck could be yours,
LIGHT SHOW 2000 will turn the tables on the Revox for
about 1/100th of the cost. LS 2000 is a program which
will allow your cassette deck (or any other musical
source) to control your computer,

LS 2000 wil] poll the ear port of your TS 2068 and
decipher any pulse detected into one of four tonal
groups (the shorter the pulse, the higher the note). De-
pending on the tone detected, a corresponding color
pattern will be displayed on the screen. The user has
control of the tonal groups, colors, duration of display
and the speed at which the tones will be read. This
flexibility allows one to "view" the same piece of music
ina multitude of ways, or to tailor the program to a
certain musical selection. LS 2000 comes with one preset
Set-Up to “display” music and provides for four user-
defined set-ups.

LS 2000 HOOK-UP

To use L$ 2000, some means of providing a musical
source to the computer must be used, There are several
ways of accomplishing this, some more flexible and pre-
ferable than others. The simplest means is to hook up a
wire directly from the speaker of a stereo system to the
earphone jack of the TS 2068. (IMPORTANT: Do not hook up
more than one channel of a stereo system as this may
damage the stereo amplifier.) This can be done by
running speaker wire from the rear connectors of a
speaker (or from the speaker output of your stereo) to
your computer. Do not leave the speaker disconnected
from the amplifier. A phone jack can be attached to the
ends of the speaker wire and plugged directly into the
computer's ear jack. Or alligator clips can be used to
make a connection to your computer patch cords, The
drawback of this approach is lack of control over the
signal going into the computer. If the music is played
at a low volume, the signal may be too low. Conversly,
“Heavy Metal" from a 200+ watt system at full blast may
cause your 2068 to become light dust.

If the tape recorder you use with the 2068 will
play through the earphone jack while in record mode, it
can be used to feed the sound source into the computer.
A similar wire will be needed to plug into the micro-
phone jack of the recorder, as previously discussed. Run

PARTS LISTS

Radio Shack Part # Description Price
42-2370 teh cord w/RCA phono jack to
ripped wire 36 in. © 1.69
42-2371 : + 72 tm © 1.09
42-2372 . + aa in = 2.19
NOTE: The above to

be used with Radio Shack Attenuater
ath to fit your ni 8
to mtripped enda If new:

er wire may be

274-300 RCA Phono jack to 1/8" signal

reducer (attenuater? © 1.99
274-287 Red 2 conductor 1/8* phone

plug (2 per packs 21.29
277-1008 Mink Audio Amplifier w/spesker 211.93

“3 LIGHT * SHOW

a patch cord from the earphone jack of the recorder to
the earphone jack of your computer. Place a tape in the
recorder and set it to record. If you opt for this
method and plan to play your music at medium to high
volume, I would suggest placing an attenuater in-line
between the microphone input and the speaker wire from
the stereo. (An attenuater may be obtained from Radio
Shack for $1.99 -- Part #274-300. This part has an RCA
Jack for input and a regular mic/earphone jack for out-
put.) This will help prevent distortion and possible
overloading of your recorder. The preferable choice is
to use Radio Shack's mini-amplifier ($11.95 -- Part #277
-1008). The hook-up is the same as with the tape re-
corder. This method will allow control of the signal
volume going into the computer. Once again, use an
attenuater, if the musical source is to be played at any
volume. If LS 2000 does not respond to inpute while
using the attenuater, the attenuater should be removed.
(NOTE: This mini-amplifier can be used to boost the out~
put of computer tapes you may have difficulty loading.
It also can be used to amplify BEEP output from your
computer. )

A "walkman" type cassette player can also be used
to supply music to the computer if it has two headphone
jacks. Use one of the jacks to run a patch cord to the
computer.

USING LS 2000

Upon running LS 2000 you will be presented with a
main menu (see example 1). "ENTER LIGHT SHOW" (Option 0)
will pulse color patterns on the screen based on the in-
put through the ear port. (NOTE: To return to the main
menu while in this mode, press the “q" Key.) Option 1,
“SYSTEM SET-UP", wil? provide a second menu allowing the
user to select 1 of 5 permutations of LS 2000 (see
example 2). The current set-up is highlighted via
BRIGHT. (NOTE: If any of the parameters are changed, no
current set-up. is shown.) This menu also allows viewing
of the parameters for any compiled set-up (Option ¥).
Option S will define a set-up based on the current
setting (i.e.; mode, colors, tone, pulse, tempo). The
user is prompted to choose a number to be compiled (2-
5) and for a name. Hhen this new definition is compiled,
it then becomes the current set-up.

From the main menu, the user can create different
set-ups or setting. By changing any of the various
options (2-6), LS 2000 can be customized to any musical
input or user preference. The best way to learn what
each option does is to experiment. After changing an
option, one can view the results by “Entering Light

ENTER LIGHT SHOU
sysTen ser-uP
SET nope...
SET coLors.
TONE CONTROL.
DET PULSE.
SET TEHPO..
SAVE/LOAD SET-UPS..

e
a
2
2
«
s
6
7

wa" Returns from Light

example 2

2000 Ie nn —E. Carver

Show". Each setting option is provided with prompts and
explanations from within the program. (See Sample Set-
ups for examples.) Depending on the type of music or the
quality of the input (dynamic range), one may need to
retune the tone control. Tone 0 jis the highest tone
range, Tone 3 the lowest. The number assigned to a tone
is tee upper limit at which LS 2000 will produce a
pulse.

The Save/Load option allows the saving of favorite
compiled setting to tape for later retrieval.

OrrAULT seTTzNa...
Las
Sp . .
SETTING NOT DEFINED.
RIPPLE sees ee eens
COMPILE CURRENT SET-UP.
VIEW SET-UP... 20...
RETURN TO MAIN HENU....

example 2

BEHIND THE SCENES

When the TS 2068 is loading a program from tape, it
reads through the ear port (port FEh)

the signals re-
corded on the tape. The data needed to send the program
is tored in bit 6. If the bit is set ("1") the frequency
of the signal is 1020hz, if it is not set (0"), the

frequency is 2040hz. The frequency is determined by the
length of the pulse detected. Port FEh also uses bits
4-0 to poll the keyboard. By sending out this port,
BORDER colors can be controlled (bits 2-0) or a BEEP can
be triggered through bit 4. When a program is sent to
tape, bit 3 of port FEh is used. The threshold of the
ear port is 23khz, with the input being 4-10 volts p-p.

KEYING IN THE LISTING

Carefully key in the BASIC listing. After you have
typed in the program, SAYE the listing to tape before
running the machine code loading routine. To load the
machine code portion, ENTER as a direct command [RUN
9000]. This portion of the program will POKE the machine
code into its proper address. It also checks for various
typing errors and will provide instructions in case an
error was detected, After the machine code has been
placed in memory, the program will set up the User
Graphic "A", delete this portion of the program from the
listing, and prompt you to SAVE & VERIFY the completed

program along with the compiled code. After YERIFYing,
the program will self-run, Go ahead and try it out.
NOTE: In Line 3, the A in quotes is typed via GRAPHIC

mode (Caps Shift/9] [A] [Capts Shift/9].

SAMPLE SET-UPS:

Name Mode Tone Limit Timing Course/Fin
HO wl Wows Tempo Pulee
Default = 240 200 192 160 10/256 are
Laid-Back 4 245 208 192 160 nova 12/256
Spees-0 0 213 208 192 160 2/250 anh
Pulser ° 215 208 192 170 ara 10/176
Ripple 4 zis zee 192 170 34100 107176
BASIC LISTING
Lines Notes
1-3 Sets up the screen with the patterns to be “puleed*
by LS 2000. NOTE: Even when the screen looks
Diank,the complete pattern tm still on the screen,
ae INK hae b jet the same color as the PAPER.

The machine code simply sets the ATTRIBUTES to the

proper INK color. Check this out by changing the
INK Color in Line { to "7", Add Line 9 STOP. Aw
direct command <GO TO 41>

to The POKE sets lower case only, This is the USR call

for the machine code pertion of LS 2000.

100-120 Contains data for Iine/column placement of LS 2000
graphica,

130 Contatns data defining USR Graphic "At. Can be
redefined to any character or pattern:

140-160 Sets up and defines variables for LS 2000 Baste
Line 150 Containa data for Default “set-Up*

toco-1010 Main menu

2000-2100 System Set-Up Menu

2200-2240 Complies current parameters am @ defined Set-Up

2300-2320 roKEe para: S into machine Code as current
Set-Up. (See Line 2799)

2400-2459 Displays parameters for a compiled Set-Up

2997 Contains addresses of Machine Code which hold
para ‘© for current Set-Up

3000-3050 option 2 -- Set Kode

3100-3170 option 3 -- Set colors

3209-3200 option 4 -- Tone Control

3300-3390 option 3 -- Pulee Control & Option 6 -- Tespa
Control. NOTE! This subroutine i= shared by both
Options. Control of Option i= decoded by variable
Al IF S THEN Pulse Control, IF 6 THEN Tempo Control

4000-4200 Savesioad Option. Also allows for verification of
SAVE and LOAD without Breaking the program with a
ROM Error Report.

8000-8030 Subroutine to skan keyboard for input

9000-9429 Routine te POKE Machine Code into memory

Routines te SAVE ané LoaD LS 2000

The author will provide a copy of thfs program
on tape for $4.00 (includes shipping). Please
send a check or money order to: Michael E,
Carver, 1016 NE Tillamook, Portland, OR 97212.
Please specify “Light Show 2000".

WIGHT = SHOW

4 BRIGHT 0: BORDER 0: RE
STORE : PAPER 0: INK O: CLS : L
ET x=2
2 FOR asi TO 69: READ
2295 THEN LET xexei: NEXT
3 PRINT AT x,y¥tA*: NEXT
10 POKE 23658,6: RANDOMIZE USR
45056: INK 9: GO TO 1000
100 DATA 15,255, 12,18,255,15,25
5,10, 13,17, 20,255, 15,255, 8,12,1
4,16, 18,22, 255,10, 15,20, 255,12,
14, 16,18
410 DATA 255,7,9,11,13,15,17,19
224,23
420 DATA 255,12, 14,16,18,255,10
115,20, 255,6, 12, 14,16,18,22,253
915,255, 10,13, 17,20, 255, 15,255
12, 18, 255,15
130 DATA 0,BIN 1000010,BIN 1111
00,BIN 11000,RIN 11000,BIN L414
00,BIN 1000010,0
140 RESTORE 150: DIM 6(5,14): &
OR ami TO 14: READ bi LET silva
NEXT at DIM =8(5,31): LET
S8(1)= "DEFAULT SETTING. .
LET dem

FOR
LET w@(ayede: NEXT «
150 DATA 1,0,290,208,192,160,6,
3y5,2,10,0,1,1

260 LET current=t: DIM be¢32);
DIM e@(3)

1000 PAPER 1: BORDER 1: CLS : PR
INT AT 0,8) INVERSE 1;*LIGHT SH
OW MENU'TAT 4,05 INVERSE 07 "ENT
ER LIGHT SHOW..... or
‘*SYSTEN SET-UP... ron
1"***SET MODE... +
+2+2"'**SET COLORS...
oad

“TONE CONTROL...
+4°°*SSET PULSE
sB8'*SET

errr cod

TEMPa,
“SAVE/LOAD SET-UPS.
17

1005 PRINT Wore * Returns ¢
rom Light Show*: ON ERR RESET

1010 GO SUB 6000: GO TO 10104199
O AND k#m"1")=(1009 AND kemto*)

+(1970 AND km="2"94(2090 AND Kw

93") 462190 AND k’ #12290 A

ND (k@="S* OR KB="6"))6( 2990 AN

D kwer7*)

2000 PAPER 2: BORDER 2: CLS : RE
M system set -upHHHHE

2010 INPUT INKEYS: PRINT INVERS
E ASAT 0,95 "SYSTEM SET-UP*s INV

ERSE ostrets

2020 FOR ami TO 5: PRINT (s®(a)

AND s(a,1))4(*SETTING NOT DEFIN

seet AND NOT mia, i)?

“COMPILE CURRENT SET~
Set *VIEW SET-UP... .
vel’ *RETURN TO
eer a

2040 IF current THEN PRINT BRI
GHT 1) OVER 1;AT current#2+3,0;
be

2100 GO SUB 6000: GO TO 2100+«10
© AND (k@enB* OR ke=*S*) 741200
AND Ce@>eei® AND kB<mes*) 4 (300
AND (k@—=*y* OR k#=*V47)~(1100
AND (Ck OR kemrmeyy

2200 REM compile set-up

2210 PRINT AT 15,0) OVER 1} PAPE
R Sib: PRINT WOs*Set-Up w (2-5
GO SUB 8000: IF ka<="I* OR
k@>e*6* THEN INPUT INKEYS: BEE
P .35,10: GO TO 2010

2220 LET kSVAL kM: PRINT AT ke2t
3,0) OVER 1} FLASH ithe: RESTOR
E 2999: LET w(k, toni: FOR auz T
@ 14: READ br LET 8(k,a) "PEEK D
t NEXT a

alii

2230 INPUT "Set-Up Name? *s LINE
k@: LET am(ki=d@: LET se(k, TO
{LEN k® AND LEN k@#¢3014(30 AND
LEN k®>s30) pmke

2240 LET current=k: GO TO 2010

2300 REM make met-up current

2310 LET KSVAL INKEY®: IF 6(k,1)

"O THEN PRINT AT k¥2*3,05 OVER

1) FLASH Libs: BEEP .35,10: FO
R ast TO So: NEXT a: INPUT INKE
Y#: GO To 2010

2320 RESTORE 2999: LET current=k
¢ FOR a=2 TO 14: READ b: PCKE b
eB Cky art NEXT GO TO 2010
2400 REM View Set-Up

2410 ON ERR GO TO 1006: PRINT
PAPER 31 OVER 11AT 17,0;bmiH14°
View Set-Up # (1-3)": GO SUB GO
00; IF KecetO" OR KE>="6" THEN

INPUT INKEY®: BEEP .35,10: GO
TO 2010
2420 LET keVAL INKEY@: IF e(k,1)

=O THEN PRINT AT K¥243,01 OVER
11 FLASH ibe: FOR ami TO 100:
NEXT a: BEEP .35,10: INPUT INK
Eve: PRINT AT k#243,06 OVER 14
FLASH O1bs: GO TO 2010
2430 CLS : PRINT INVERSE Lyamck
Vik INVERSE O° *MODE *19(k,2)"
"*Tone Color and Limit*: PRINT
PAPER Of INK S(k,7) FAT 6,35°TO
NE O TECHR® laa; "y8tk,3), INK
§(k,6)4" TONE 1 “ICHRS 144;° =
BU AITAT 7,35 INK CK, VDT
E 2 ‘}CHR® 144y* "ssk,5),
sk, L004" TONE 3 *ICHR® 1445 +
38(K,6)2 PAPER 2
2440 PRINT *'"Timing™* "TAB 44“Cco
urse'," Fine Tempo "ratk,it
4(256 AND elk, 11)e256);TAR 16)
wk, 123491256 AND #(k, 12980)" "Pu
1 “am (k, 13) 4(256 AND wk. 13)
SODITAD 10;m(k,14)+(256 AND wi
»14)"0)
2450 PRINT WOI*Press any key to
return to Menu*: GO SUB 8000: &
© To 2000
2999 DATA 45351, 45074, 45080, 45068
4, 43000, 45129, 45117,45105, 45093
145213, 45216, 45196, 45199
3000 REM set mode
3005 ON ERR GO TO 1000: PAPER 3
2 BORDER 3: CLS : PRINT TAB 115
INVERSE 11"SET MODE*
3010 PRINT * Made © -- Tone Pp
attern will ataylit onty during
ON Period.*'**Mode 1 -~ Tone P
attern will staylit until next
Tone Pulse.*'**Currently set at
*) INVERSE 15°MODE “sPEEK 4535
1
3020 PRINT WOS BRIGHT I}*Enter D
sired Mode (0 ar 1) me
for Menu" sbe(1s To >
3030 GO SUB B00O: IF kS<>*0" AND
KBO>SL* AND L@C>*M* AND KOC>*m
* THEN GO TO 3030
3040 IF keeti*
OKE 45351, VAL k@: LET current=o
2 INPUT INKEY®: PRINT AT 0,0: @
0 TO 3010
3050 GO TO 1000
3100 REM set colors
3110 ON ERR GO TO 1000: PAPER 4
3 BORDER 4: CLS : PRINT INVERS
€ AFAT 0,101"SET COLORS****
31Z0 PRINT BRIGHT 1) INK PEEK 4
5129) PAPER (4 AND PEEK 4512950
YIAT 6,31"TONE 0 "ECHRe A4ay" =
» INK PEEK 45117) PAPER (4 AND
PEEK 4%117"0)5* TONE 1 "ycHRe 4
44)" "SAT 7,35 INK PEEK 451053
PAPER (4 AND PEEK 45105=0);*TON

3430 INPUT INKEY®: PRINT HOF" To
ne # (0-3) == 8M for menue
3440 GO SUB BO00: IF KB<tOr OR k
"3" AND (k®C>"M™ AND km@co*m")
THEN GO TO 3140

3150 IF kwetm? OR kB=*N* THEN G
9 79 1000

3160 LET aeVAL ke: INPUT INKEY
PRINT WOI"New coler for TONE ~
jkes (0-70

3170 GO SUB GOC0: IF Ke<*O™ OR kK
"7" THEN GO TO 3170

3180 POKE @5000¢(129 AND aeOr4c1

47 AND amide (105 AND 08204193 A
ND as3),VAL k®: LET currentso:
GO To 3120
3200 REM tone control
3210 ON ERR GO TO 1000: PAPER 5
3 BORDER 5S: CLS ¢ PRINT INVERS.
E 11AT 0,95" TONE CONTROL****
3220 BRIGHT 1: PAPER O: PRINT I
NK PEEK 4S51295AT 6,35"TONE © *3
CHRS 144)* *4: LET ce=STRS PEEK
95076; PRINT c@, INK PEEK 455
171* TONE 1 *1CHR® 144; * Le
T c@=STR® PEEK 45080: PRINT ce}
AT 7,35 INK PEEK 43105; "TONE 2
CHRe i44;° "3: LET ce=sTRe PE
EK 45064: PRINT c™, INK PEEK 45
O931" TONE 3 *5CHRe Lagy* "pe LO
ET c®=STR® PEEK 45066: PRINT ce

3225 PAPER 5: BRIGHT o

3230 INPUT INKEY®: PRINT 404* To
ne (0-3) == 88M for Menut
3240 GO SUB 8000: IF ka<to™ OR k
273" AND Ck@C>*M™ AND kec>*me)
THEN GO TO 3240

3250 IF k@e'm" OR kw=*h* THEN G
9 TO 1000

3260 LET e=VAL k@: LET limitias-
ar LET 1imit2—(254 AND anor + (PE
EK 45076-1 AND a=1)+{PEEK 45080
71 AND a™Z)+(PEEK 45084-1 AND a

=3)

3265 INPUT }*New limit for TONE
SOSTRO at" ("4STRO Limitier=e4s

TRe Limitzer? 1 LINE Kw

3270 LET keVAL k@: IF k¢limiti 0

R k>limit2 THEN GO TO 3265

3280 POKE 45000+(76 AND am0)+(60
AND awi)+(84 AND a=2)9(GB AND

a=3),VAL k@: LET current=o: Go

To 3220

3300 REM pulse

and tempo control

3310 ON ERR GO TO 1000: LET
AL kS? PAPER 6+(ae6): BORDER 4+

(amor: CLS

3320 PRINT INVERSE 15AT 0,91 (+P
ULSE* AND a=S)+(* TEMPO" AND a=

)+* CONTROL

3330 LET course=PEEK (451964 (17

AND a=6))2 LET fine=PEEK (45199

+027 AND a=6)22 PRINT
t o+(*Pulset
AND
‘TAB 6$cour:
a vi
nesoss ©

3340 PRINT Course -- Number o
4 times "*Fine**period ts repe
ted"'**Fine -- Sets timing via
nanc- econds
3350 PRINT AT 18,0) (*Pulse -- Le

nath of time needed to place T
one pattern on ecreen.* AND ass
)+(*Tompa -- Length of pause be
tweenreading Tones* AND a=6)
3360 PRINT #Of"Set Course or Fin
© (Cor FI? 7Mt* for Menus
3370 GO SUB BOKO: IF KBC>*C* AND
kS<>"C* AND kS<>*F™ AND KEC>TE
+ AND k@<>7m™ AND kOC>TM THEN
60 TO 3370

+(236 AND cour
APE Fines (256 AND #4

3380 LET deme: IF 1
*M* THEN G0 TO 1000
3390 PRINT OVER 11 FLASH isAT 5.
14012 AND dente" OR imrRer ge
"ec" AND (tm=etc™ OR i

"201 INPUT "Enter # (1-256)

LINE ke: LET KeVAL kw: IF KCL Oo

R 236 THEN GO TG 33970

3400 POKE 45196+(3 AND (ise"¢* 0

Ro swerF})9(17 AND assr,k- (256
AND k=256)! LET current=0: GO T

4000 REM save/load set-ups

4010 ON ERR GO TO 1000: cis: P

RINT TAB 7) INVERSE 11"SAVE/LOA

D SET-UPS*;WOS BRIGHT 14°S = SA

ve t= LOAD om = MENU

4020 GO SUB 8000: IF kec>*S* AND
K@C>het AND LSC>*L* AND kmdoed

m* OR i

"AND k®<>"M* AND ka<>*m" THEN
GO TO 4020

4030 S* OR k#="s" THEN G
0 TO

4035 THEN 6

@ TO 1000

4040 PRINT ''*Ready to LOAD Set~

INPUT “Load title ?*ins:
PRINT ''*Loading “ine: PRINT WO
i*Start tape, then pri any ke
ye" GO SUB S000: INPUT INKEYS
4050 IF LEN n®>10 THEN LET n&=n

@¢ To 10)

4060 ON ERR G0 TO 4200: LoaAD nw
DATA s8()2 LOAD n® DATA e(): @
@ To 1000

4100 PRINT ''*Ready to SAVE Set-

INPUT “SAVE title 27 ine:

<*Set-Ups" AND n@=**)4ne
( TO LEN n®-(LEN n®-10 AND LEN

n®>10))3 PRINT AT 6,03*Saving *
sepnepeeee

4110 SAVE n® DATA s8(): SAVE ne

DATA BO PRINT WOR“Verity (Y 0
r NI?*? GO SUB 8000

4120 IF K@=*N* OR k@e="n® THEN oO

4130 INPUT INKEY@: PRINT AT 6,0;
"Verifying *** nes* *Rewin
d@ tape"sWor*Start tape and pre
& any key.*: GO SUB 8000

4140 ON ERR GO TO 4200: VERIFY
n@ DATA &®(): VERIFY n® DATA 5
3% 80 TO 1000

9200 CLS : PRINT FLASH 1jAT 5,7
S*Tape Loading Error*: PRINT *
‘TAB 6} INVERSE 15°P1 atte

pt Again") INVERSE 01805 *Pre:
any key for Menut: G0 SUR 8000;
60 TO 1000

8000 REM keyboard acan

O10 IF INKEYEC>*"* THEN GO TO &
010

8020 IF INKEY
20

8030 LET k@mINKEYS: RETURN
9000 CLEAR 48055: LET a
TORE

THEN Ga TO 90

RES
FOR i=O TO 36: READ

O10 IF LEN a&<>59Z2 THEN PRINT
FLASH 1}*Error in’ Machine Code
DATA Lines 7100 ~ #136
FLASH O§*There are too "+( "Fen
* AND LEN ascS92)4(*many *

AND LEN a@>592)+"*Data it.
“PLEASE CORRECT BEFORE CONTINUT

Now

9020 LET addr. 45056: FOR t=

TO LEN 1 STEP 2

9030 POKE addr e INT C(tetd72
), (CODE aSi1}-(48 AND CODE amit
1658)~(95 AND CODE aw(irrea) ret

G*CODE aBliti)-(48 AND CODE anc
i¥1)€5G)~(35 AND CODE aB(ieiio6

“a

9040 NEXT 1

9100 DATA *3ACeSCFE7I2001¢9~

101 DATA *16FFiSAFDBFECE?7*
9102 DATA *20Fa7AFEFOSOESFE*

¥LO3 DATA *CEsOZCFEAOSOICFE*

(20 A a sO ee 9 0 a

9104 DATA
9105 DATA
106 DATA
9107 DATA
108 DATA
F109 DATA
9110 DATA
iA. DATA
9iL2 DATA
#113 DATA
9544 DATA
F115 DATA
116 DATA
9117 DATA
9118 DATA
9119 DATA
9120 DATA
91Zi DATA
912z2 DATA
9123 DATA
9124 DATA
9125 DATA
9126 DATA
9127 DATA
9128 DATA
9429 DATA
9130 DATA
9134 DATA
9132 DATA
9133 DATA
9134 DATA
9135 DATA
9136 DATA

*7@300C1 L000Z2EDS3*
*BOSC21A7BO18Z211*
*OOOSEDS3BOSCZIC?*
*BO18146110003ED53"
*BOSC21E7B0180A11"
"OCO6EDD3BO3SC2107"
*Bi3A27B1FE01 2005"
teDcD7FnCE:CD7F RO"
“189E7EE639577086"
07070707 BAZ006ED*
"SBBOSC18053AD5C*
*77C9E6F 882770906"
*1O3E235623052100"°
*S8i9csosoicsosot*
*1OFEC110F8C1CD62"
“BOE 1 L0ES0469CC506*
*OO1OFEC1 10F 8C9OF*
*0151018FO14D01CF*
*003301CFO14B018F*
*0055010F0249014F*
*0057014F02470130"
*0170016E012E01F2*
*OOBZ01LACO1ECOOB*
"OOF 401EA01AACOB1*
"0481048104810432"
"0172016C012c0114"
*0194018A010A01F 6"
*00R601A80i1F80081*
*048104810481004F
"O1FOOOBOO1AEO1EE*
“OOB100F 101ED0LAD*
*00720032022c0z6C"
*0081048104810400*

9200 RESTORE 9300: LET tally=o:

FOR 1#0 TO 36: READ d:
yetallyed:

1 FLASH OF* Ln DATA Line:
‘*Ple.

= 9350"

LeT tart

NEXT 4: IF tally<o2e
767 THEN PRINT FLASH 0; ERROR

RUN 9200>*: STOP

9300
e@ correct and <

9230
5056:

RESTORE 9300: LET addre
FOR #0 TO 36: LET checks

FOR ji TO 6: LET cheek=chec

K*PEEK address: LET addrese=ads
reestt
9240 NEXT $: READ tally: IF chee

k<>tally THEN PRINT FLASH 13

ERROR“! FLASH 01° == in DATATT?
Check for an Error in Line 591
00+%**And then procede by CRUN
9000)": STOP

9250 NEXT 4

9300 DATA 759, 1268, 1431, 1036,519
+719,625

9310
037,4
9320
967,9
9330
8,779
#340
1,830
9350
9400
au b.
+P r
Fy ou
9410
SR
KE a,
9420
9998
AVE *
5 Fi
to v
**co
9999

CODE 4505:
130: FOR

3 REAI

DATA $62,759, 634,751,1470,2
a9
DATA 679,1254,528,521, 1223,
a3
DATA $12,511, 256,289,514,76

DATA 493,290,546, 713,482,063

DATA 320,399

CLS : PRINT "Machine Cade h
en Loaded into memory.

ess any key to SAVE & VERT
ight Show 2000!°: PAUSE oO
INK 9: RESTORE 130: FOR asU
* TO USR "a*+7: READ y: PO
yt NEXT a»

CLEAR : DELETE 9000, 9500
SAVE “1m 2000" LINE 9999: Ss
1m 2000*CODE 45056,296: cL
RINT "Rewind Tape and Play
jority": VERIFY **: VERIFY

E : GO TO 140

CLEAR 4505:

LOAD *1s 2000~
296: INK 9: RESTORE

USR ‘a* TO USR
D yt POKE a,y: NEXT a: GO

To 140

Machine Code Listing

ORIGIN BOOOH (450580)

ADDRESS:

Boo
Boos
BOOS
R007
BOO8
BOOA
BOOB
BOOC
ROOE
BOLO
BOrz
Bo13
Bois
BOL?
Bors
BOLE
BoiD
BOF
Bozt
Bo2z3
BOz6
BOZA
Bo2D
BOzF
BO32
Rose
Bo39
BOsE
BOSE
Boa?
Boss
Boa?
BOSA
ROSE
BOS
BOS4
BOD
Bose
BOS?

OP CODE LABEL

saoesc START
Fert

z001

16FF LISTEN
13 COUNT
AF

DBFE

B77

20F8

7A READ
FEFO

BOE?

FEDO

soz

FECO

3oic

FEAO

3a00c

110002 TONES
EDS3BOSC

21A7B0

1822

110003 TONEZ
EDS3B0SC

21C7B0

1816

110003 TONES
EpssRosc.

2IE?BO

180A

110006 TONEO
EDS3BOSC

2107B4

SAZ7B1 ROUTE
FEOL

2805

CD7FRO

MNEMONIC

Lp
cr
IR

A, (ScoBhd
Jin
NZ, LISTEN

RET

D,FFh

pec D
XOR A

A, (FER)

BIT 6,A

aR
Lp
cp
aR
cr
aR
cr
aR
cP
aR
LD
Lb
up
3R
Lp
Lp
LD
3R
Lp
i)
re
aR
LD
up
rey
up
ce
aR

NZ, COUNT
A,D

Fon

NC, START
Doh

NC, TONEO
con

NC, TONES
Aon

NC, TONE?
DE,0200h
(3CBOn), DE
HL, TABLES
ROUTE
DE,0500h
{SCBOh), DE
HL, TABLE
ROUTE
DE,O300n
{3CBOn), DE
HL, TABLES
ROUTE
DE,0é00h
(SCBOh) , DE
HL, TABLEG
A, (MODE)
oth

Z, SKIP

PUSH HL
CALL PULSE

program ci

tq
Fif not continue
treturn to BASIC
dmet pulse count.
Feount down
iclear A & flags
iread ear port
Ipulse detected?
144 sc keep counting

1A = pulse length
Jupper limit Tone ©

1if too high start over
Supper limit Tone &

Jupper timit Tone 2
Supper limit Tone 3
fink color for Tone 3

bepare byte # ink

}ink color for Tone 2

Vink color for Tone 4

Sink color for Tone 0

Sroute depends on mode

$14 mode 1 90 to skip
fsave table addr:
idisplay pattern

ontinued on page 11...

ous

The WUSDFUP Ca.
i ahtetate

Leo fe

(OP TOUR cor c

S U USE All the Features
your OLIVETTI PR23aG ink jet printer,

PIGKHS if o MENU puile universal interface,
Use your TASMAN, RERCO, or home brew parallel

BE READY FOR IT.

Tourist Cif Keokbhy an Extended bank sui

disazeembler and SPY program residing in Physica. errace,

It uses Machine code located above “COPYUP™ in LFRINT Spaaks Fluent axckanded
the machine stack. Printing to the 2648 is not gaepe at PR2I98 GRAPHICS
Ususliy desirable, co a universal interface is WOOPY dumps tha screen 29

uded. When used, the ag:
loaded inte the printer buff
is ah “ower lay” Gt does vat iatenBens with any
USege by Oth

normal size or ZOOM, ELIST
high resolution sraphics us
WHAT YOU SEE 15 WHAT ¥

BINDOW dumps park of the @8n in variable
length lines up to 119 cha ers per line,

Its default configuration prints the lower
two Ecreen lines as 44 wide,

The WIDJUF Co, word processer/data base
program TyYPOLOt Uses WINDOW &G prepare ads
Lika + and one to the Lert,

f banks of peripherals,

To help convince you of the great features of
this Program, send US moO more thats 68 bytes oF
MY cOde YOU Like aid SASE, The WaDHUP Ca, willl
lurh_a disassembly Of that code and more inte
bout TOURIST C. How's that for bait? Tr

: BANK SUIT CHING 15 HERE!
|

2
iate kernel is @

| ThE UADIUP Co.
4 1128 Herrifietd S.E.
Grand Rapids, MI 49587

ET 1
3 W/OLIVETTI PRIZQ9 printer
TFS

TIME DESIGNS MAGAZINE
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Sorry, Volume One Issues are no
longer avaliable Individually.

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LIGHT SHOW 2aGGo

Program continued from page 9

FL POP HL restore table addreus
ch7RBO SKIP = CALL PULSE = fremove pattern

19k IR START

7€ SCREEN LD A, CHL) attribute
£630 AND 3a er only

37 LD DA

7e LD A, HL) 1A @ temp. attribute
£607 AND O7h SA = Ink only

07 RLCA move ink attribute
07 RLCA 5 t© paper postition
07 RLCA 5 ina

DA cpp sink = paper?

2006 IR NZ,MSAME 114 not make inkepaper
EDSRBOSC LD DE, (SCRon? IDE = ink far tone #
1805 IR LATIR

BASRSG = MSANE «LD A, (ZCBDN FA = perm. attribute
77 LD (HOA, t attribute tile
cy Ret idone

fore LATTR AND Fen SA = all but ink

oz ADD A.D JA + D Cink) = attr

27 LD (HL3,Aa t attribute tile
cy RET ne

oe10 PULSE LD B,10n of graphics to pulse
SE PULSEA LD E, (ML) toad DE with the of¢f-
23 INC HL ' & of location in
36 Lop, (Hy } 0 attribute tile

23 INC HL

cr PUSH ML @ next table entry
21ces8 LD HL, 5a00n et of attr. file
19 ADD WL, DE lecation

cs PUSH BC save count

060% LD Both Ipulae time - course
3 BLOOP = PUSH’ RC

ogo LD B,cin

10re Loop psnz LLoor

ca Por BC

10F8 DINZ BLOOP

cL Pop ac Iretretve count
cpsz80 CALL. SCREEN

crt Por HL iretrwive table entry
10ES DINZ PULSEA s#inteh pattern

060A LD B,oan tempo time - cours
3 BLOOP2 PUSH’ BC te course count
0600 LD Boon itempo time ~ ¢ine
10FE LLOOP2 DINZ LLOOP2 jpause fine t

en Por RC Jretreive cour
10Fe DINZ BLOOPZ
ce RET
Boce TABLES
bing to addresses in
f attribute ile of
' graphica for tone S
BOC? - ROK TABLE2 Ieame as above but ¢or
1 tone z
BOE? = BLOe TABLEL feame az above but for
i tenet
BLO7 = Bi26 TABLEO seame am above but for
F tone 0
Bizz os MODE = DEFB O1h Fvariable for mode
NOTE: Au onty the pattern tor Tone 3 has 26 graphic tocations,
dumay locations have been provided in the other tables to bring
thetr total up to 6. This of¢ rt of attribute ¢ile

points to the Printer Butter,

The
Sount of 16 for all Tones wae to produce « gimpler code

on fOr maintaining «
and to
Provide a similar timing for diuptaying ali ton

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Specifications:
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G2 screens long!)

Font Types: Standart Modem, Italics, Bold,
Load Font (Chancery included)

Font Size: 8 x, 16 x, and 24 x normal

Functions: Scroll Forward / Backward
Insert/ Delete Columns
Insert/Delete Rows
Copy/Brase Segment
Load/Save Banner Data
32 Screen, Low Res Animation

Output: 2040 Printer

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Mhat if Michelangelo and Leonardo da Yinci had
owned some good graphics software? Would they have
utilized a computer for their creative efforts? Would
the Sistine Chapel be covered with fanfold paper? Would
the Mona Lisa be stored as electrons ona disk instead
of pigment on a canvas?

Those gentlemen were the masters of their media.

Unless you have a comparable skill with pallette and
paint brush, maybe you'd better rely on joystick and
keyboard. PIXEL SKETCH And GRAPHICS EDITOR Version 2.0
employs both.

PS/GE lets you create, edit, and label original
graphics and modify, merge, and analyze existing screens
with electronic tools. Some of the editing functions on
PS/GE are found in Apple graphics software like Mouse
Paint and Dazzle Draw. PS/GE even provides some func~-
tions the 128K Dazzle Draw doesn't include.

PS/GE operates in three somewhat compatible modes:
standard color, extended color, and high resolution.
Mode can be selected once the program has loaded. The
standard color and extended color modes can be elec-
tronically switched at will while you're working with
PS/GE. The high resolution mode must be maintained once
it is selected.

In the standard color mode, one ink color and
paper color are allowed in each 8 pixel
character position. The brightness and
butes may be on or off.

In the extended color mode, PS/GE creates eight
“elements” within each character position, Each element
is 1 pixel high by 8 pixels wide. One ink and one paper
color and one bright and one flash attribute are per-
mitted in each of these elements.

One screen character could thus be printed with 8
ink and 8 paper colors with alternating bright and/or
flashing horizontal elements. In this mode it's possible
to create new colors on the screen by juxtaposing the
appropriate ink and paper colors. The manual suggests
using red ink on green paper to make brown,

The high resolution mode amazes me. Although the
hardware limits you to one ink and one paper color on
the screen at any time, the software extracts the finest
detail possible from the T/S 2068: 512 pixel horizontal
resolution, All three modes offer the standard 176 pixel
vertical resolution.

The incompatibility between modes is seen in the
input and output routines. A standard mode picture is
saved or laoaded as a standard SCREENS: 6912 bytes at
address 16384. An extended color graphic is saved or
loaded as two files, each having 6912 bytes. One file
at 16384 holds ink (pixel) and paper (no pixel) data. A
second file at 24576 stores extended color and attribute
data.

A high resolution display also saves or
two files. They extend the identical length and reside
at the same starting addresses as an extended color
screen, The first records the odd number column data;
the second, the even number column data, The program
tape includes a utility, PS/GE-32/64, which will convert
one or two standard mode screens into a high resolution
screen, (The listing for this utility appears in the
March/April 86 TDM.)

If you've ever used MacPaint or 4 MacIntosh or
Mouse Paint on an Apple II, you'll be right at home with
PS/GE. Although the former programs employ a mouse for

one
by 8 pixel
flashing attri-

loads as

input instead of a joystick, they offer nearly the same
drawing, text, and editing functions.
The drawing functions of PS/GE are as follows:

SOFTWARE
PIXEL SKETCH And GRAPHICS EDITOR Version 2.0

Reviewed by Duncan Teague

fonts:
Standard &
Chancery,
and uses 3
modifiers:
Bold Bosd
Modern
Mogern
and
Stair
IPRS

P z + rz : :
Mona Lisa courtesy of “Art For All Ages”
Conion for Games to Learn By. 1

screen, mirror {waged half,
block-erased, Then I added

by R.
loaded the
block-copied, and
the text balloon

1, Plot and Erase (free hand sketching and erasing);
2. Draw (disconnected) and Connect (-ed straight lines);
3. Circles; 4. Draw Arcs; 5. Fill/Shade (with textured
parteraels 6. Paint (with solid colors); 7. Text (label-
ing).

The ink and paper color and the flash and bright
attributes can be changed at will. Cursor speed can be
adjusted from moving one pixel at at time to four times
that rate. Cursor speed could be further changed by
altering the program listing.

The plot (sketch) command is controlled by the fire
button on the joystick. The joystick is also used to
select other functions from a menu screen accessed by
pressing the ENTER key, Keyboard commands can also
change the cursor speed and activate the erase function
without having to leave the drawing screen.

Two status lines at the bottom of the screen
vide a constant readout of the cursor's
wether the plot and/or erase functions are in
cursor's coordinates are important to know.
PS/GE‘s editing functions operate optimally only when
the edges of drawn figures coincide with the normal
character position boundaries. I'1] explain later.

The text you use to label your creation can be the
ordinary system font, or you may load an additional font
from the program tape. The extra font is called “Chan-
cery”. It looks like it flows from a calligrapher's pen.
You can alter ejther font from the menu. You may choose
bold, modern, and italic versions of either the system
font or the Chancery font at any time,

The editing functions of PS/GE are operated
an adjustable, but not elastic, window. PS/GE's window
moves 8 pixels at a time, Window boundaries are always
aligned with the edges of the normal screen character
rows and columns. If a portion of an area to be edited
extends beyond a normal character row or column, the
editing window must be large enough to extend to the
next row or column boundary.

Here isa list of PS/GE's window editing func-
tions: 1. Block Copy (cut and paste); 2. Block Erase;

pro-
position,
use. The
Most of

within

3. Block Rotate (90 degrees clockwise); 4. Mirror Image
{horizontal only); 5. Inverse (exchange ink/paper);
6. Wide View (shrink); 7. Zoom (enlarge); 8. Digitize

(analyze like a UDG-help create sprites?!);
9. Merge (a portion of one screen with another).

Mirror Image Butter fiy

Orawn with PS/CE 2.0
The butterfly is ay own drawing using PS/GE. 1

created the left side, filled and painted, and

then mirror imaged it, Then I added the text.
When you select any of these functions from the
menu, a window appears on the drawing screen. The

window's size can be adjusted in one dimension at a time
by using the unshifted arrow keys. The “S" and "L" keys
will make the window smaller or larger by changing its
height and width simultaneously. The joystick places the
window in the appropriate position.

After using any of the editing functions, you'll
have @ chance to reconsider. A "SAVE?" prompt will
appear, and you may “undo" the last procedure by re-
sponding with any key except "Y". The drawing functions,
except Plot, Erase, and Text, can also be undone.

Hard copy can be obtained of any screen in any
mode. Only the ink/paper pattern is reproduced. Colors
are not represented by different dot patterns as in
Tascopy or Z-Print 80. The screen can be printed on the
2040 printer or in small and large sizes on 80-column
printers,

If you want to use an 80 column printer, you'll be-
come more familiar with your printer's manual than you
used to be. You'll need to know how to adjust the line
feed pitch and how to send the appropriate commands for
bit graphics.

My printer has to know how may bytes will follow
the bit graphic command. The correct number for my
C. Itoh 8510 is 256 in the standard color mode, and 512
in the high resolution mode. Those numbers had to be
doubled for the large printout.

To make the large printout of a high resolution
mode screen (1024 bytes per line), fit on my printer
paper, I had to set the printer's DIP switches for pro-

portional characters. This gives a print density of 1280

dots per 8-inch line, slightly more than required for
this mode,

If your bit graphics mode prints each line upside
down, as mine did, there's a simple solution, Alter the

programs's machine code with the following POKE's, which
are courtesy of program developer Stan Lemke:

Memory Old New

Address Value Value

42919 Bap A93
e223 24k 20
opm 24793
eae, 4a 128
62766 148128
AERCO FO-68 owners will easily be able to convert
PS/GE to disk. The utility for converting standard
screens into high resolution screens is another matter.

PS/GE~32/64 uses OUT 255,0 and OUT 255,54 to alternate
between 32 and 64 column modes. The FD-68's OUT 244,1
command interferes. Disk access must be switched off
with OUT 244,0 before performing the conversion pro-
cess. Loading two screens is much more difficult. I used
short machine code routines to store one at 40000 and
then recall it for conversion,

I really enjoyed using PS/GE. Cursor movement is
slow, especially across the 512 pixel-wide high res
screen, but the sophisticated editing functions surpass
those of any other T/S 2068 graphics program I own, The
functions for creating and editing screen segments,
merging one screen with another, converting standard
mode screens to high resolution screen, and printing out
with excellent dot density exceed my present ability to
exploit them, But I'm learning. My joystick finally has
something to do besides play games.

PIXEL SKETCH And GRAPHICS EDITOR Version 2.0 is
available from Lemke Software Development, 2144 White
Oak, Wichita, KS 67207. The T/S 2068 program comes on
a cassette with users manual for $19.95 ppd. A joystick
is required.

TIMACHINE — A BASIC Compiler

Reviewed by Michael E, Carver

Deja vu! That was my first thought upon opening the
large envelope from editor Tim Woods, Let's take a trip
via H.G. Well's time machine by setting the controls to
travel back in time one year. Exactly one year ago, I
was asked to review a BASIC compiler for the T/S 2068
called ZIP (Sept/Oct '85 issue of TOM). Back to the
present! I now have the task of reviewing a new BASIC
compiler for both the 2068 and Spectrum (two different
versions on the same tape), It's called TIMACHINE.

First, a short review, BASIC is the resident ROM
language in the Sinclair machines. BASIC is @ language
we humans can easily use to make the computer and its
processor perform a desired task, and is a fairly
effortless language to learn and use. It is also a
fairly forgiving language, especially with the help of
Sinclair syntax and error checking. The trade-off for
this simplicity is a lack of speed and flexibility. The
actual resident language of the Z80A CPU (the main brain
of the Sinclair machines) is machine code, also known as
assembly language. This "language" is composed of about
50 different instructions, though most have many vari-

ations. The advantages of machine code include fast
execution, efficient use of memory, and freedom from the
dictates of the Operating System, The other side of this
coin are the following disadvantages: programs are hard
to understand and follow, a simple manipulation of data
may involve many complicated steps, real-number calcu-
lations can be difficult and it can be very unforgiving.
Programming in machine code can involve extensive study
of the machine, books and tables, developing tools
(assemblers and monitors), and, of course, patience.

Enter the BASIC compiler, which attempts to marry
the advantages of both BASIC and machine code, while
trying to avoid their drawbacks. TIMACHINE is the best
compiler I have seen to date for the Sinclair 280
machines. Timachine will compile virtually all of the
Sinclair BASIC commands inte a much speedier program.
This compiler is quite different from others I have seen
‘in both speed and versatility, Where many compilers only
allow the use of integers (whole numbers from -32768 to
32767 or 0 to 65535), Timachine will aliow the use of
real numbers (decimals and numbers far larger or smaller

Now at last...

The FootePrint Printer Interface

The FootePrint Printer Interface was originally described in the January-March 1985 issues of SUM Magazine.
Now improved and professionally built, it is available direct from the designer! FootePrint plugs into the
cartridge slot of the TS-2068 and works with both Tasman (Band C) and Aerco print driver software. Just
load the software and print. No POKES required. No modifications.

* for Centronics parallel printers @ plugs into cartridge dock—door completely
¢ works in both 2068 and Spectrum mode closes with cable running back under computer
* compatible with OS-64 & Spectrum emulators © frees up rear edge connector allowing other

peripherals to be used; less chance of a crash
S EPROMisocket. end on/off. switch onlboard @ print driver software for LPRINT, LLIST, and
* requires no modifications to computer COPY included for 2068 and Spectrum modes

FootePrint Interface w/software & cable -. $45°° postpaid
FootePrint with OS-64 option included . - $65°° postpaid
Bare board & instructions only $15°° postpaid
Cable only for use with bare board $15°° postpaid

All prices are pre-paid and include shipping charges. Florida residents must add 5% state sales tax.

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than 16-bit aumbers). There are also floating-point (or real
number) compilers available for the Spectrum, but unlike Ti-
machine, can not compile both integers and real numbers, and run
only 3 to 5 times faster. Timachine allows the user to” specify
which numbers are to be real or integers, thus greatly speeding
up performance when doing integer mathematics,

Unlike other compilers, Timachine also allows string arrays
and defined functions and 2-dimenstoned arrays, along with many
other commonly used BASIC commands, Because it allows floating-
point mathematics, one can also compile trigonometry functions
(TAN, COS, ACS, SIN, ect.). In fact, according to the manual,
Timachine will support all but the following BASIC commands:
CLEAR, CONTINUE, ERASE, FORMAT, LIST, LLIST, LOAD, MERGE, MOVE,
WEW, RESET, RUN, SAVE, VERIFY, FREE, ON ERR, and VALS. A few
other commands may have sone limitations connected with them.
(e.g.; RESTORE, GOTO, and GOSUB must be followed with a valid
line number and not an expression or variable; an array can only
be dimensioned to one set length; a defined string variable may
not be later dimensioned; YAL A$ is not supported.)

Speaking of the manual, I must compliment Novelsoft and
Cameron Hayne (the author of the manual and program) for pro-
viding an extensive and easy-to-follow manual. The manual con-
tains 52 pages of excellent step-by-step tutorials (sample
programs included on tape), thorough explanations of commands
and directives (even explaining how to obtain certain Sinclair
Keywords), detailed notes on how the compiled code handles
certain BASIC instructions, clear and helpful hints, definitions
of Error Messages, a list of helpful POKEs, a memory map, and a
Vist of the runtime: routines.

Timachine is loaded into the memory location normally re-
served for BASIC (right after the system variables) with the
norma) 2068/Spectrum memory map shifted upwards to allow for
BASIC programs. There is approximately 27k available for a BASIC
program (30k on the Spectrum), Once loaded into the computer,
Timachine is completely transparent. One can LOAD or type in a
BASIC program and RUN it as if Timachine was not in memory. Ti-
machine is accessed through direct commands prefaced by an
asterisk, "*” (e.9.; [+] will compile a BASIC program). In fact,
the only time Timachine makes itself apparent (except for less
available memory) ts when the trace (an fnterrupt-driven pro-
gram) is on, While running a BASIC program, the trace will log

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and type the program variables every 1/60th of a second (1/S0th
on the Spectrum) and provide a listing of the variables with
their type (i.e.; real, integer or positive integer) and the
length of string variables. This is a very helpful tool, There
is a limit of 255 simple numeric variables, whose name can be
any length and the standard number of string variables.

Directives to the compiler (instructions) are included in
the actual BASIC program in REM statements with an exclamation
point, "!", following the REM (e.g.; 10 REM 1 OPEN # will start
Compiling at this point). Some of these directives are instruc-
tions on where to halt or re-start compiling (allowing access to
BASIC or ones own machine code routines), maximum Jength
alloted to a string variable, and setting types of numeric
variables (i.e.; real, integer, ect.). One can direct a listing
of the addresses for the runtime routines and the machine code
variables used by the compiled program, Also, a listing of the
execution addresses for individual compiled BASIC Tines can de
obtained. Once can specify the address at which the compiled
code will reside, giving flexibility in locating ones own
machine code or BASIC routines.

Learning to use Timachine 4s simple, but practice and study
is needed if one plans to master its uses. Simple BASIC programs
are easily compiled into fast-running programs. An understanding
of real numbers and integers is needed to obtain maximum and
exact results. When real numbers interact with integers, in-
teresting, but usually unintended, results can occur. While
testing Timachine, I used varfous BASIC programs I had already
Geveloped and debugged. During the first pass, Timachine checks
the BASIC for any unsupported BASIC commands and provides clear
Error Messages displaying the offending BASIC Tine, usually with
a flashing "2" cursor marking the part in question. The next
pass is a dry run to fix the amount of memory needed for the
final version and check for destination addresses for GOTO, G0-
SUB, ect. commands. The last pass is the actual creation of the
machine code. The user is provided with information on the
length of the compiled code, amount of memory allocated for
variables, length of the BASIC program, and instructions on how
to SAVE, LOAD and run the compiled code. This complete com-
pilation process fs quite speedy. Timachine compiled the demo
Program included with the ZIP compiler in 9 seconds compared to
the 31 minutes taken by ZIP (see Sept/Oct ‘85 TOM, pp. 18-19). I
was able to compile most of my test programs satisfactorily,
with only minor modifications to the BASIC. However, the one
larger and complicated of the BASIC programs proved to be too
convoluted to simply modify. 1 did not have time to fully test
this program, but feel it would require a major reworking to
obtain proper results via Timachine. If the program had origi-
nally been written with Timachine fn mind, I see no reason it
could not be easily compiled.

As the compiled code is in machine code, it can be unfor-
Siving and provide undesired results. In BASIC, "PRINT HS (x)"
will print HS(1) if x=.5, where the compiled version will
attempt to print H$(0). Another problem I encountered dealt with
FOR/NEXT oops. In BASIC, one can leave a FOR/MEXT loop, jump
into the middie of another FOR/NEXT loop using the same variable
and upon execution of NEXT (X), resume operation at the start of
the second loop. However, in machine code the continuation is at
the start of the first loop. There are many runtimes (machine
code routines used by the compiled version to execute selected
operations) which use extensive ROM routines. This allows for
simple conversion and efficient use of memory, but can slow
down performance. Khen these runtimes are used, the improvement
in speed 1s slight, (e.9.; CIRCLE, DRAK, COS, ect.). It is up to
the user to develop a BASIC program that will utilize a more
efficient compiled version. This will come with practice and ex-
perfence, though knowledge of machine code will be helpful. One
can use Timachine as a tutor on how to write their own machine
Code utilizing ROM resident routines.

Timachine is the most comprehensive, flexible compiler 1
have seen for the Spectrum or TS 2068. It is always a pleasure
to encounter a program of this class, and I must applaud Cameron
Hayne for obtaining so much from our hunble Sinclairs. Depending
on the programming skills of the user, one can compile fast and
efficient machine code programs, though not necessarily using
less memory. It is a program that will allow the novice BASIC
Programmer some degree of success, while allowing the more ex=
perienced programmer greater flexibility. One should not expect
to produce amazingly impossible feats from this product, as
these usually come from direct manipulation of the processor via
ones own machine code. One will be able to produce effects that
are available in BASIC, but a speeds that will greatly enhance
them. In last year's review of ZIP, I stated that one should
choose a compiler based on its limitations. Kell, Timachine has
few limitations and {s a quick and comfortable program to use.
WHT] this be the “last word" in compilers? I don't know. Let's
set our “time machine” for one year into the future...

TIMACHINE is avatlabie for $19.95 + $3.00 S&H (U.S.) from
Novelsoft, 105 Seventh Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada MBY 384,
$16/259-8662,

LARKEN TS1000 Disk Drive Interface

sean w

The
of
k

has areal live

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he package wrapp

or losing that program you just speat the last 3 hours typing in

f the “8 minute save),

board a x6 inches, _ nterface $s available from Carken

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ZX-CALC + R.F.R.G.

Reviewed by D. Hutchinson

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“More About...The Mystery of the Missing 253”

by Wes Brzozowski

THE GREETID

Welcome back to another episode, as we try to unravel a few
more clues about the Extended Bank’ Switching for the Timex
Sinclair 2068, This time, we'll be getting heavily involved in
how the bank switching hardware would have worked, making this
installment the most complicated of the series, But this article
will cover a lot of subjects, and {f one item seems hazy, just
Skip it and move on to the next. With sone rereading, things
WILL get clearer, so don't get discouraged. And don't forget
that the order that's easiest for YOU to learn these things, may
be different from that of others. Keep rereading, and learn in
your own way.

Since this kind of information hasn't been published else~
where, I’ve had to invent my own notation for a lot of things.
These were covered in Part 1, but if you've missed it, you can
still get the back issue--July/August 1986 for $3.00 ‘from TIME
DESIGNS MAGAZINE.

This paragraph is for those who may have written or called
me with information/advice/questions. If {t appears that I'm
ignoring you in this column, I must beg you to remain patient.
Most of this second installment will have been written before
Part 1 has even been put into print (publication delays, you
know). As such, there's a good chance you'll have “missed” being

mentioned in this installment. But rest assured that I do
appreciate your interest, and WILL get to you in Part 3.
Some of you who've been looking up my page references for

the TS2068 Technical Manual have probably been a bit befuddled.
If you bought your manual from Timex, everything will be fine.
However, the new version from TOM has the pages re-numbered
bit, and the page numbers I gave last time won't quite match up.
I wasn't aware of this when | wrote Part 1, and will give the
section numbers instead, from now on. I hope no one was incon-
venienced by this. In order to accomodate everyone, let's define
yet another notation. Fron here on, Technical Manual references
will be abbreviated. The expression “TM3,3.2"” would then refer
to section 3.3.2 of the TS2068 Technical Manual.

By the way, I do hope no one is grumbling because of the
renumbering trick, In doing this, our good friends at Time
Designs have been able to reduce the total number of pages in
the manual, and so perhaps they can avoid actually losing money
on the venture,

And now, on to the good stuff!

A (NOT SQ)
OF THE

QUICK DESCRIPTION
RAM RESIDENT CODE

Let's first turn to page 255 of the User's Manual that came
with your T$2068, The memory layout shows two blocks called the
Utility Function Dispatcher, and the Bank Switching Code. They
originally come out of the EXROM, and are copied to RAM during
the computer's power-on initfalization. The two memory maps on
page 254 refer to these as “RAM Resident Code", and show that
they may reside in two possible memory locations. To make this
easier, the EXRON contains a routine that can relocate the code
for us. Hell, almost. The “relocator" fouls up on a couple of
routines when it moves them to high memory, We'll discuss how to
fix these in a future installnent. Nevertheless, a short look at
them now will make other things easier for us’ to understand,

The function dispatcher is a prime example of the right pow
in the wrong church. In most computers, CALLing ROM routines
directly through their memory addresses is consfdered about as
civilized as blowing one's nose on the tablecloth. This is be-
cause later ROM versions may change the locations of the sub-
routines, rendering your programs unworkable. This was precisely
what happened when Sinclair changed the RON on the early ZX81s,
(If you remember this, you're a true “old timer".)

The “proper” way to get at ROM routines is to pass up your
CALLs through an “Operating System” that can find the routines,
no matter what ROM version is in place. This wouldn't give you

access to all of the ROM, however, and so requires an extra
measure of programming discipline.
Is it worth it? Only when handled property and consist-

ently. A very similar kind of discipline

allows many programs

that run on a “plain vanilla" 16M PC to also run on the PC Jr,
and the PC-AT, which are all radically different from one
another, from their disk systems, right down to their ROMs, It
also allows the programs to run on the “PC Clones", that have
VERY different ROMs in them. While this programming discipline
means a bit more work, it has great advantages.

The TS2068 Function Dispatcher is a scaled down attempt
mimic this portion of an operating system. As mentioned
time, it's likely that at least someone at Timex hoped to re-
write the ROMS, The Function Dispatcher may have been a way to
insure software compatability. By sending a “function number” to
the dispatcher, the proper routine can be accessed. It also
contains presently unused abilities to pass and receive data
from the routines it controls. Those future ROMs may well have
tapped this ability. Note that 1M3.3.2 contains a reference to
“the original TS2068" (as it describes OUR machines). Follow-on
machines were certainly planned,

But we Timex enthusiasts, ever the unruly totally
ignored the Function Dispatcher, happily CALLing anywhere we
liked, While the Function Dispatcher might make {ft easfer to
get at the ROM if we were running in one of the (presently non=
existent) expansion banks, it's otherwise fairly useless.

We would only use the Function Dispatcher to protect our
Programs against ROM address changes. But instead, no one uses
it, and no one is protected. Therefore, no one will market a ROM
or EPROM with address changes, because precious little software
will run on it. And therefore, we needn't worry about ROM
changes, and can CALL the ROM to our heart's content. It was a
noble thought, Timex, but it was a bit like trying to domesti-
cate a mongoose,

The block called the Function Dispatcher also contains some
code that allows the maskable interrupt to work properly when
the EXROM is switched in. It will also work with expansion
banks, if they have a copy of the code at X0038 at their own
location 0038, (The initialization code was supposed to copy
this code into RAM expansion banks~-unfortunately, it misses a
byte, and anyway errantly tries to copy from the RAM bank to the
EYROM; a truly useless exercise.) The interrupt code makes
considerable use of the rest of the RAM Resident Code to manage
the necessary bank switching,

Following this, almost as an afterthought, is a copy of the
NMI handler at Home ROM location 0066, This inclusion is some-
what perplexing, as the Home RON already has it, the EXROM
doesn't link to ft, t's short enough to be easily included in
any expansion bank, and it doesn't work, anyway. The widely
publicized NMI bug, first seen in the Spectrum and perpetuated
‘in the TS2063 Home ROM has been faithfully copied here. There
may be some subtle reason for the NMI handler to be there, but
it’s more likely that a Timex programmer, feeling the pressure
of overdue schedules, included it without actually understanding
it, At best, it reserves space for some proper code te be put
later, but to us it's fourteen orphan bytes of code that are
NEVER used.

Following the Function Dispatcher is the Bank Switching
Code, which will be quite useful in this series. This code is a
bare-bones memory manager which, with a little bit of extra
flesh (and a lot of debugging), would shield us from the “hard=
ware realities” of bank switching. Khile it's fairly easy to
write our own machine code to switch the standard banks, the
expansion banks are another thing altogether. But dy always
using the Bank Switching Code, we should never have been able to

to
last

lot,

tell the difference. The code contains portions to do standard
bank switching, portions to access the expansion hardware, and
enough “smarts” to know when to do either. As such, bank

switching is changed from an occasional migrane to
minor irritation.

Ironically, it would be better to describe the

a constant

“useful

1]————____——_-

stuff” next time, when we'll be concentrating almost completely
on the system software. But as a quick description, the code
allows us to switch banks, move bytes between banks, find out
which banks own which chunks, do the equivalent of CALL and JP
functions to other banks, and other necessary niceties. Flow-
chart 2 (which we'll discuss next time), shows how the BANK_
ENABLE routine works, This does the actual bank switching for
doth standard and expansion banks, and after we've scen how the
hardware would probably have worked, you can check the flowchart
for an example of how the hardware and software mesh together.

As has been said, this code could have resided at two
different locations, Normally, it starts at location 6200, but
it can be relocated to F9CO. There are several reasons for this.

Tf we want to add code into the RAM, there are two basic
places to put ft and not interfere with a BASIC program being
entered. One is above RAMTOP. This is so easy to do thet it's
the location of choice for most T/S programmers, Yet, it's
almost as easy to clear a convenient memory nook down BELOW the
BASIC program in memory.” The RAM Resident Code can do either,

Now, the Spectrum has no RAM Resident Code, lots of pro-
grams for the Spectrum reside above RAMTOP, and the folks at
Timex made a reasonable effort to convert Spectrum programs for
the TS2068. (Almost ALL programs Timex released were first sold
for the Spectrum.) As such, the low memory spot is preferable,
as it avoids memory conflicts. This is, {n fact, where we
usually find the code,

Unfortunately, the convenient low memory area is right in
the middle of the space used by the second display file for the
extended display modes. There are hardware reasons for this.
Some of these allow both display files to reside in just two
memory chips, which must be faster (and hence, more expensive)
than the rest, Also, the exact location of the second display
file should have allowed them to enploy some little used proper-
ties of dynamic RAMs to squeeze some extra speed out of them,
when reading them for display data, Therefore, when the second
display file is being used, the code is moved'to the less pre-
ferable (from the designer's viewpoint) location above RAMTOP,

By the way, when you're ‘switching chunks in and out, it's
always necessary to have at Teast one RAM chunk available, to
hold the machine stack. It's needed, among other things, to aake
CALL and RET commands work, and they work so well that we often
forget about the stack altogether, The good folks at Timex
sought to help us out in this regard, by moving the stack along
with the RAM Resident Code. Since this code must be available,

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the stack always remains available with it, and we can happily
forget about it, once more. The only disadvantage {s that the
stack size becomes limited (they allow us 512 bytes, or 256
entries). This fs normally not a problem,

The ability to have the RAM Resident Code in two different
locations has another advantage. Although the TSZ068 only moves
code to high memory when the second display file is active, you
can move it (and the stack) there yourself. If you can choose to
run it fn either chunk 3 or 7, you don't have to tie up one of
your precious eight chunks just to keep the RAM Resident Code
available to you, Simply switch back and forth to whatever chunk
your own code isn't using at the moment. (Of course, you'll have
to keep track of where the RAM resident code IS, in any given
situation.) Also, if you should return control to the 152068
ROM, you'd do well to put the RAM Resident Code back where the
computer expects to find it.

ONWARD, INTO THE PAST

Last time, we looked at how to read and write to the bank
switching registers in the extended bank switching hardware. We
then saw a quick summary of what the registers did, with a
promise to explain them in detail, this time.

To recap, there are four input and four output registers,
which correspond to four memory-mapped I/O locations. We cal?
the registers CO, AO, 80, and 40, and they sometimes are Jinked
to memory locations C000, A000, 8000, and 4000, respectively.

Each expansion bank has its own register set. khen we write
to certain registers, every bank will “pick up” the information.
In other cases, when we write to a register, the information
goes only to a selected bank.

To further complicate things, only writing to some “reg-
isters” will actually cause data to be put in a conventional
register. In other cases, it may only change certain bits in a
register, or not go into any hardware register at all! The “gank
Switching Registers" forma motley crew of circuit functions
that are as different from one another as the Marx Brothers, and
are just es wild when we put them together.

Figure 1 is a block diagram of a “generic” bank switching
SCLO. Note that in reality, a RAM bank SCLO would have included
memory refresh and address multiplexing circuitry, for dynamic
RAMs. A ROM bank SCLO would have a set of chip enable signals.
But the figure does contain all of the Bank Switching Registers,
and these should be common to both SCLO types. It cna then be
used to show how the bank switching scheme works. It also shows
how the odd bank switching philosophy selected by Timex would
have allowed the SCLD chip to go {nto an inexpensive package
with 2 very small number of pins.

Note that this fs only a block dfagram, not a complete
circuit layout. Also note that it's based entirely on an an-
alysis of what the ROM software fs doing. If the designers at
Timex intended additional functions not supported in the ori-
gina} 152068 ROMs, we't] know nothing about them. Lastly, please
note that the connection to the RESET signal is probably not
what the Timex designers actually planned. It's included here to
Suggest that there has to be some way to “disarm” all the hori-
zontal select registers when the computer is first turned on.
Otherwise they‘d start out filled with random bits, and numerous
banks would al) try to “take over* the same memory chunks at
power-on, with some very lively results, Actually, an odd bit of
code in the initialization software suggests that each bank is
“unlocked” after the Horizontal Select register fs disarmed
through software. This suggests that the SCLD should also con-
tain some power on "lock-up" circuitry to keep each bank out of
mischief until the computer straightens it out. We'll talk about
this more when we look at the software that actually uses it.
(See Flowchart 3.)

As we said last time, register data is sent to the Ex-
pansion Bank SCLOs one nybble at a time, to cut down on the
number of SCLD pins. This means that the SCLO has to alternately
steer the nyDbie into the right and left half of the byte it’s
reconstructing, We also said that sending 02 to register CO will
reset the nybble steering logic, just in case a noise pulse may
have sent a “false nybble” out, messing up the steering of later
nydbles.

But if this is all we do, it won't work. If the nybbles are
not being read propely, then the 02 sent in to correct the
problem won't get read either, This is why we said that the CO
register must interpret the 02 command, even if the nybble
synchronization is faulty. It also has to be able to interpret
it if it's sent as only a SINGLE NYBBLE (just the 2), since
that's how the routines READ BS REG and WRITE_BS REG send it.

A “proper” implementation Fequires atl of thTs, though it's
a job to implement. Things get much simpler if we “bend the
rules", just this once. Our little trick centers around the fact
that all commands to the CO register have "0" as their most
significant nybble, only the "02" command has data line D1 set,

and this command is only sent by the READ BS REG and WRITE BS_
REG routines, which send it in the single nybble version, only,

And so, if we agree NEVER to send the 02 command to reg-
ister CO except in the single nybble version, the harcware will
be much simpler. Any time we write to the CO register with the
DI line set, the nybble steering logic is reset. The ROM code is
completely agreeable to this trick, and so the good folks at
Timex may wel] have had the same fdea. Figure 1 4s drawn to re-
flect this simplification. Let's walk through it now.

The Tower 4 data lines come in at the top, flowing to the
Nybble-To-Byte Converter. Every time the select logic detects
that we're writing to a Bank Switching Register, it sends the
NYBBLE CLOCK signal, allowing the Nybble-To-Byte Converter to
accept the nybble, Whenever the select logic detects that we're
writing to register CO with Di set, it sends the CO-RESET-NYBBLE
signal, which resets the nybble steering logic.

The functions mentioned so far are common to every bank.
This means that if you're building your own expansion banks, and
are putting more than one bank on a single board, they can share
this circuitry. (Just thought you'd like to know.)

The Kybble-To-Byte converter reconstructs the original byte
we intended to send. Whenever the “second nybble" is written in,
the select logic sends out another signal. If the nybble 15
written to register CO, then the signa] WR-CO is produced. When
it goes to register AO, then the signal WR-AO is sent. Similar
things happen for WR-80 and WR-40. Note that these signals must
be timed so as not to occur until AFTER the Nybble-To- Byte
converter has @ byte ready to present.

Using this scheme, when we write to register 80, our value
ends up in the Bank Number Access block. This block may also be
shared. This works because each bank has its own number. If we
wish to change the Horizontal Select byte for a certain bank, we
first write the bank number to register 80 (Bank Kumber Access)
and then the Horizontal Select byte to register 40 (Horizontal
Select). Only the Horizontal Select register for the bank we
have “accessed” will be changed. The bits are high active; that
is, if a bit contains a "1", then its corresponding chunk {s
allocated to that bank.

Registers that cannot de shared have that property because
they contain information that's unique to their own bank. As
such, we'll refer to them as Unique Bank Registers, Those that
can be shared will be called General Bank Registers. (Bank
Number Access is General; Horizontal Select is Unique.)

A bank knows it's being accessed when the number in its
Bank Number Access register matches another block called the
Assigned Bank #. When they're equal, the 8-Bit Comparator sends
the ACCESS-THIS-BANK=1 signal, which makes it possible to write
to the Horizontal Select register, or to read from any of the
four read-registers in that bank. The Assigned Bank # register
is set froma write to register AO, but only under a very
special situation that we'll call the “setup mode”. we'll
discuss this in the section on the Daisy Chain. Ordinarily,
writing to register AO does something very different.

When the system is in what we'll call the “normal mode“, 2
write to register AO sends the "Universal Deselect Byte” to ‘all
expansion banks. This looks a bit like a Horizontal Select byte,
but has important differences. Each bit represents a memory
chunk, just like a Horizontal Select byte, but if a particular
bit contains a zero, each Horizontal Select register will leave
its corresponding bit alone. If 2 particular deselect bit con-
tains a one, then if ANY Horizontal Select byte has a one in
that location, it RESETS it. As such, the Universal Deselect
byte tells al] banks which chunks they must give up.

So, if we want to give chunk 5 to expansion bank #07, we
first make sure that the Dock and EXROM banks don't have it.
(The BANK ENABLE routine would first give this chunk to the Hone
Bank.) Then we send the hex value 20 (bit 5 set) to register AO.
Now, if any expansion bank had chunk 5, it will have relin-
quished it. Next, we send 07 (the bank number) to register 80
(Bank Number Access) and finally we send 20 (bit § set) to
register 40 (Horizontal Select). We have now given chunk 5 to
bank 07.

Unfortunately, in the above example, we've also wiped out
whatever value was originally in the Horizontal Select register.
(actually, even the BANK ENABLE routine acts this crudely for
all but the Hone Bank.) Tf we wished to treat at least the Ex-
pansion Banks with a bit more dignity, we could have first read
its Horizontal Select register by sending 07 (the bank number)
to register 80 (Bank Number Access) and then reading the regi-
ster pair 80 and 40, (Remember, the READ BS REG routine reads
PAIRS of registers.) We would then have The Horizontal Select
byte as it had already been set for that bank. Ke could then
have only changed bit 5, and any other chunk that was already
selected for this bank, would remain selected.

It's also possfble to read the register patr CO and AQ, for
the bank umber presently being accessed. While the ROM software
reads this pair, it only looks at bit 2 of the resulting byte.
This happens to be bit 2 of register AO, and every bank has this
bit grounded. If we look at the TS2068 schematic, we see that

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D2 line (and ONLY the D2 line) has a 10K pullup resistor. As
such, if we put a bank number in register 60 and then try to
read that bank's CO and AO register pair, the resulting value
will have bit 2-0 if the bank exists, and bit 2=1, if not. This
function is used during system initialization to find out how
many banks are actually plugged into the system.

If all of this looks like a programming nightmare, that's
because it is, Don't forget though, that the initialization
software and the RAM Resident Code wil? normally handle it all
for us. The only people who really need to know how to directly
program the expansion banks are those who plan to build their
own, and have to know how to debug them.

Since the bank switching SCLD only uses address lines A13-
ALS, there can only be a limited number of possible Bank Switch-
ing Registers. These are EO, CO, AQ, 60, 60, 40, 20, and 00.
Since only the top 3 bits are actually used, £0 would be the
same as FO, or £7, for example. Each of these corresponds to a
single memory chunk,

But the possibilities are even more limited than this. What
we've said implies that reading a register happens when we read
& memory location from its corresponding chunk, and the memory
mapped 1/0 is enabled. But running machine code in that chunk
also causes memory to be read. As such, code that can activate
the memory-mapped 1/0 cannot run in a chunk that corresponds to
any register. The only routines that ever access them are HRITE_
BS_REG and READ 8S_REG, which we walked through last time. Thesé
routines are part Of the Bank Switching Code, and can be located
in either chunks 3 or 7, so the corresponding registers £0 and
60 must not be implemented in hardware. (Nor should the Bank
Switching Code be relocated outside of chunks 3. or 7!!!)

Also, {t's possible that.an interrupt could occur during
the short time that these routines enable the memory-mapped 1/0.
This would cause the keyboard routine in chunk 0 to be run be-
fore returning, so register 00 cannot be implemented in hard-
ware. This leaves register 20, which is not used, and has no
apparent problem with being used. All of this’ is mentioned
because, if you've implemented the necessary registers, it
should be fairly easy to try to add more for your own use. This
explanation (hopefully) shows that only register 20 is worthy of
any consideration, whatsoever. But note that register 20 is com-
parable to memory locations 2000-3FFF. If we totally forget
about Using 20 as a new register, it would be possible for a ROM

19 Continued on page 22...

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bank with just a 16K EPROM to contain a completely new and
graded version of the Bank Switching Code in those
(The stack would have to go elsewhere.)

At the bottom of the diagram, we see a block called Chunk
Select Logic. This compares bits Al3-15, which define which
chunk is being accessed, and the Horizontal Select byte, which
define which chunks the bank "owns". The use of I0A5 tells it.
wether we're really accessing memory or just @ bank switching
register. If the TS2068 is accessing one of this bank's chunks,
then the ENABLE signal is sent out.

Note that this logic doesn't check MREQB. If the TS2068
isn't accessing memory, then the ENABLE signal may switch back
and forth, but ft will do so harmlessly, since the memory select
logic further downstream will sort it out. However, the address
lines settle out @ full clock cycle before the PREQB Tine does,
and so this buys us extra switching speed. This is needed be~
cause ENABLE is used directly to generate the BE signal, and
this HAS to be applied fairly early on, but again is harmless if
memory isn't being accessed. (Those of us who've used the BE
line in our own projects learned this the hard way; it just
seemed polite to pass it on to save anyone else the trouble.)

The ENABLE signal should be sent out if 10A5 is high and
Al3-15 match the appropriate bit in the Horizontal Select
Register. It also could optionally be sento out if I0AS is low,
AL3-15 match the Horfzontal Select, and the chunk in question is
3 or 7. (This would let the READ BS REG and WRITE_BS_REG rou-
tines run in an Expansion Bank without getting cut off in mid-
instruction when they switch IAS. No, I don‘t know why you'd
want to do this, but you may have some good fdeas that I don‘t.)

Figure 2 shows an entire expansion bank, including the SCLD
we've just discussed. The BE signal is generated from the ENABLE
Vine as an OPEN COLLECTOR signal, so that many banks can share
the output. An alternate method in use in some products today to
simulate a Spectrum Bus generates BE with a logic inversion and
a blocking diode. This is also quite acceptable.

The Memory Decoding Logic will then decode the bank's
memory as normal, except for one, or possibly two, additional
constraints. For the first, memory is only enabled if ENABLE is
active. The second possible constraint is based on educated
speculation, but is still, admittedly, a bit of guesswork.

We know that the TS2068 is basically an enhanced Spectrum.
Xnenever possible, Sinclair's design.was used, and Timex did
announce that it would release its own version of the Sinclair
Microdrives, This device uses its own crude version of bank

up-
locations.

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SPRITES 2066.”

Dron
pew

Bs
Recisres
seer
at
Have vrew
ured.
Fos cutiy
ENABLE

The Feggests ane wy Got
Empened He Bank

westaling Regia bane

switching, werein ft disables the Spectrum ROM and
its own when the code in the Error Handler
run.

The extended T2068 commands, Tike LOAD *, SAVE *, FORMAT,
MOVE, and CAT are implemented in the ROM almost exactly like
they're implemented in the Spectrum. That is, if you know the
command format, you can type them into a line of BASIC, and the
52068 wil) accept them. However,. they're set so that when you
try to RUN them, the error handler at location 0008 will be
executed, The only way to make the commands work 13 to switch fn
another ROM when the instruction is run at 0008, It must then
check the cause of the “error”, and run an extended command, if
one $s pending.

There are two ways to do this with Extended Bank Switching.
He could define another special bank number (perhaps FO) which
switches into chunk 0 when the instruction at location 0008 is
executed. But every other expansion bank would have to contain
the circuitry to check this, and switch themselves in and out,
adding cost and complexity. Alternately, we could put the
checking and switching circuitry only inside the microdrive in-
terface, and give it 2 way to disable all banks when it switches
in its un-numbered “Superbank".

The superbank method needs a signal that does to the ex-
pansion banks what BE does to the Standard Banks. The TS2068 has
2 backplane signals that are named but not wired {nto the
computer. These are DZIN, DZOUT, and BUSISO. Ke'll see in a
minute that 0ZIN and OZOUT are needed elsewhere, so let's specu-
Jate that BUSISO would have disabled the Expansion Banks. (I've
heard mention that BUSISO was instead intended to tri-state U5
in the TS2068, but the schematic says it isn't wired to that
chip. For the moment, let's consider this is an unreliable
rumor, but I'd welcome any evidence to the contrary.)

Getting back to our memory decoding discussion, we may then
guess that no memory would be enabled if BUSISO were active. The
diagram shows a “Special Buffer” at the BUSISO line, because the
lack of a “bar” over its name suggests that it's high-true. This
means that the buffer must “see” a low signal if no mécrodrive
interface were plugged in, leaving it floating. This is opposite
to what a TTL buffer would do, although some OTL structures
would fit the bill nicely, Note that if the microdrive interface
were part of the BEU, then GUSISO would never be floating and
the special buffer would be unnecessary.

switches in
Mocation 0008) is

“WHAT DO WE DG NOW, BATMAN?"

Now, al) of this may be very nice, but there's still one
glaring problem. Khen we want to send information to a Unique
Bank Register, we must first put its number in the Bank Number
Access register. If this matches a bank's Assigned Bank #, we
can then access that bank's Unique Registers, But the Assigned
Bank # is itself unique, so how do we get a value in there, in

the first place? When we first turn the machine on,
ister will be full of garbage. How do we find out
Worse yet, what if TWO banks “power up” with the
Bank 6?

It would seem we've painted ourselves into a corner,

that reg-
what ft is?
same Assigned

pals GIVE ME YOUR ANSWER DO

To our rescue comes an incredibly oddball kludge called the
Daisychain. The main purpose of this whackiness {s to let us put
a value into the Assigned Bank # register for each bank, Since
we can't use the Assigned Bank # register to access the bank at
this time, each bank contains a flip flop that's one bit of a
shift register (the Daisychain). Ordinarily, each bank's flip
flop contains a "0", but a single “1" bit is stepped through,
from bank to bank. If a bank has the "1", then we can put a
value into its Assigned Bank # register.

Figure 3 shows the BEV functions that are needed to add
Expansion Bank capability. It will drop the BE line ff BUSISO is
active, or if I0AS is low and Al3-15 indicate that the chunk
being used is not 0, 3 or 7. This will prevent the memory in the
standard banks from trying to “answer" an attempt to read a Bank
Switching Register. The rest of figure 3 is the start of the
Daisychain,

The BEU contains its own form of the CO register. It
normally operates in what we'll unimaginatively cal} the Normal
Mode. Everything we've described so far assumes this mode.
However, ff we send 00 to register CO, we reset all the bits in
the Oaisychain and enter what we'll call the Setup Mode. This
switches flip flops in the BEU and all the expansion banks.
Also, DZOUT at the BEU goes high.

But DZOUT at each expansion bank is stil) low! Figure 4
shows how this can be. Unlike all other backplane signals, which
are shared on a common bus, DZIN and DZOUT are not, This is
necessary in order to retain the structure of a shift register.
Unfortunately, this fs not readily compatable with the normally
used method of stacking additional items onto the backplane,
which would short all the OZINs together and OZOUTs together,
and wouldn't match one DZOUT with the next OZIN. In fact, {t
would seem that the most convenient method would use expansion
banks on edge-connected cards, plugged into a motherboard,
filled with female edge connectors.

By sending an Ol to register CO, we clock each flip flop in
the daisychain, and the “1" bit moves into the next bank. Mkhen
we're in the setup mode (and ONLY then) we can write the
Assigned Bank # to register AO, and it will be put in the
Assigned Bank # register of the bank that has the “1” in its
flip flop. In this way, we individually access each Assigned
Bank # register. When we're done assigning numbers, we send 04

to the CO register, which clears all flip flops and puts us back
into the norma? mode,

Y, DAISY,

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSCON TABLE

you haven“t yet done so, read 1M3.3,2, which gives a
snail's eye view of the subject. The “proposed expansion banks”
are the very same banks we've been talking about. The SYSCON
table is a list and description of a1] the extra “memory”
plugged into the TS2068. The LROS and AROS parts describe what
you've got plugged into the Dock bank, and comprise 12 bytes.
Note that each expansion bank takes up twice as many bytes,
suggesting that the good folks at Timex planned to put a lot
nore “horsepower” into those guys.

AOA

pear Menony
ARRAY

BUFFER
Bask SUITCHWG
“EQUIVALENT SOLD”

Foue Connections
WAVE BEEN OMIT TED,
FOR CLARITY,

Busiso

BHOD rags Plow Gah Rae ee

ea aay a
Expawpen Tsz08g BUS

aoun

FIG. 2° EXPausioN DANE (SiiaHTLy monies iD?)

One thing may appear just a bit distressing. The
description says there's room for only ELEVEN expansion
entries, Well, it's even worse than this, because the space for
eleventh entry is used as a scratchpad by the initialization
software . (Possibly a bug.) But if we really want more, we
should note that the system variable SYSCON contains the address
of this table, and we can change this, and put a larger table
anywhere we'd like. Each expansion bank has a chance to run some
of its own code during initialization, and one of these can re-
write the table. But the hardware that contains this bank should
also contain some fancy buffering circuitry for the additional
banks, or there'll be TTL fanout problens, not to mention un-
acceptable capacitance on the bus lines. (Actually, if you try
to figure out just how many TTL chips will be needed to replace
one bank switching SCLD, you may find it unlikely that even ten
expansion banks will ever be run together at the same time.)

The table contains numerous options, and $s laid out as
follows:

table
bank

SYECON Table Configuration
2 bytes for the Dock Banks 6 for AROS followes by 4 for LROB, Bee TH3.3.2 2
Expension Bank descriptions fellow. Une 24 byte Block for each sunk

enema Bank 1 208Dank Inactive )

LF bank Lu net yet renumbered
The following 18 copied trom lacs 000-001 of AGH Expansion Banks!
In Bit Bankes Chunks Avatianie, ni trow

} For RO" Banke, theaw 3 bytes may cont
tnatruction For REGET 7

For ROW will nave BLES rwuat
aa oP
(out nat used In TE20N0 Rota!

Addraws of the Close Channel routing.

|
|
|
|

o alization cooe (nernape to open @ channel attetches
te this bank, or to mark the bank inectives)

OA-OC A SP instruction te an errer handiar? Not weed fm ROM
©0-0F Wot uses 77

20\ For RO banker shou!

Wve Been the boot us dures
ol thie tapte entry ta the

OF 4 buy, tne agar:

oot up addr

For RON Banke,

Aseresa of the power-on initialization code
cour aay not reside in cmunk 3)

5 Fer ROM Bank

compen" t Antes

Lo For ROM Banker Boot up priority. Low nuabershigh priority. Hone Dankwto|

F Interrupt Priority. Ram banke get 255. RON get lewershigher priority
Pore of these 24 byte blocks, as needed

A single byte aarke the end of the tablet
nietng af ToD

HHHHHHHHHHEHAHE AHA HE AR
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The portions marked as not used may have been reserved for
future expansion, but at least one byte was probably set aside
to identify the actual function of each ROM bank. This would
allow us to find, at a glance, what additional functions were
actually “squirreled away” in the extra banks.

The left hand column contains the SYSCON Entry numbers. For
example, SYSCON O1 contains the bank #, and every bank has its

‘own SYSCON 01. As such, the SYSCON Entry number fs not a dis-
placement into the SYSCON table, but the displacement into the
entry for a particular expansion bank. Only some of the table

entries are self explanatory. Each will be discussed as we wade
through its use in the ROM code.

A LOOK (FINALLY? AT SOME ACTUAL CODE

From here to the end of the series, you'll have the chance
to double-check everything I've told you so far. All of my
pictures, tables, and descriptions will have to be consistent
with the Timex code. It's fully possible that I've missed some-
thing in my search through the ROMs, and I'l] be counting on you
to let me know if you see anything that looks “suspicious”.
Together, we can add whatever finishing touches are needed for a
full description of the Extended Bank Switching.

Don't forget my promise last time that the software is
fairly civilized, though somewhat amusing. If reading the hard-
ware description has been as draining for you as writing it has
been for me, we can take heart in the fact that it's all down-
hil), from here on!

Flowchart 1, given last time, is part of the very top level
initialization code the machine runs when we turn it on. Part of
the Home Bank RAM has already been intialized, and some system
yarjables reflect this, but the memory map on page 255 of your
TS2068 USER'S Manual shows “Machine Code Variables”. The size of
this is determined by the contents of the Dock Bank, (See
15.1.2, TM5.1.2.2 for more information) and the system hasn't
yet found out how much memory to set aside. Therefore, this, and
the memory following it have not yet been set up. At this point,
we check for extra memory plugged into the systen:

At H0BE7 we set the initial location of the SYSCON Table.
This has space for AROS, LROS, 10 Expansion Banks, and an 11th
Expansion Bank area, which (possibly due to a bug) is used as a
scratchpad. Its size is fixed, and if we need a larger table, we
ust move it somewhere else, ourselves. We then CALL XO9F4 which
actually builds the table (we'll flowchart this next time).

We then check the SYSCON Table for an LROS. If there is
one, there are no machine code variables, so we finish setting
up the system variables, and run the LROS according to its in=
structions (see TM5.1 for more information.)

If there is no LROS, we end up at XO90F, checking for an
AROS, If we find one, we check its type (see T™5.1.2.). A BASIC
AROS uses no Machine Code Variables, so we finish setting up

system variables, and return to Home ROM, after setting a flag
telling it to run a BASIC program out of the Dock bank. A mc.
AROS uses Machine Code Variables, which we insert and then
finish initializing the system varfables. We then run the AROS

as required.

Tf there is neither AROS nor LROS present, we end up at
XO918, where we can initialize the system variables. At XO099A,
we set up so that the main execution loop in Home ROM will run
after initializing (an Expansion Bank can override this, ff set
up properly). We then point to SYSCON 00 for the first expansion
bank, and enter a loop to check each bank.

In this loop, starting at XO9AC, whe check SYSCON 00. A
value of 80 marks the end of the table, causing us to end the
Joop. If it’s not 80, then we check if SYSCON 00 has the value
00. This marks the bank as inactive, causing us to point to the
next bank in the SYSCON table, and loop to XO9AC.

If the bank is active, we get its number from SYSCON 02.
Then from SYSCON 15, we get the Initialization Flag. If thts
flag is Ol, then we will have already run some code in that bank

when the SYSCON table was built (more on this next time) and
this bank may also “take over" the system after we're done
initializing. This depends on its “Boot Up Priority", which we

will discuss in a moment. If the flag is not O1, then we point
to the next bank in the SYSCON table, and loop again to XO9AC.

However, assuming that the Initialization Flag was O1, we
end up at XO9C4, which gets SYSCON 16; the Boot Up Priority.
{The lower the value, the higher the priority.) If this is the
highest priority found so far, then we save it and continue.
Otherwise we loop back to XO9AC,

If it IS a higher priority, we get SYSCON 10. (Note that in
my flowchart I accidentally reversed the digits and called this
entry 01. SORRY ABOUT THATII!) If the code were written properly
the contents of SYSCON 10 would be the boot up address. (where
we'd run after inftializing.) Unfortunately, due to a bug in the
ROM, the address of SYSCON 10 is used instead, (This fs a very
hasty bug, but at least I can blame THIS error on someone else.)
The new boot up address is saved, and we loop again to XO9AC.

Pica wyene to
=e_l2s ncaa ene
on Recast ca

Sever

om —-+

eee

Nag

ere

Fouee
conueeriows
AVE Deew
cmirred
FOR GuMRiTy

ADDITIONAL
BANKS, AS
NEEDED

FiG 4. TSZ068 WITH EXPANDED Bus AND DAISY CHAIN

When we find a value of 80 at SYSCON 00, then we've reached
the end of the table. We leave the loop, find the highest
priority bank and boot up to the given address. (Default fs Home
Bank, at O£2F; the Main Execution loop.)

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That’s the entire flowchart.
“buglet™ that also crept fn. The box

THE HOMEWORE

If you want some extra things to do, there's

simple example). If you can do that, then

T should point out one tiny
marked XO9E9 should say
-+-Enabling 0,1,2,4,5, and 6 would...°. I left out chunk 5 in a
transcription error as I copied over ay notes. This
again that it was more than just my penmanship that began to
fail near the end of that long flowchart! (Is my face ever red!)

shows once

plenty. Walk
through Flowchart 2 and use its information to continue your own
annotated disassembly of the bank switching code, Try to follow
what {t's doing with the Bank Switching Registers (it's a fairly
do your own dis-

Don't disassemble it until after including corrections shown in
1™6.5.2. The Expansion Bank portion doesn't change, but the rest
is a real mess, and you won't get a feel
sorts out different banks unless you
Read through the listings of
Appendix A of the Technical Manual, if you haven't yet done so,
and also read TH4.1 in 1/0 channels (yes, streams and

for how the routine
include the corrections.
the RAM Resident Code in

channels

figure into this subject, too).

Phone cal}
call before

assembly and flowcharting of the GET_STATUS routine at 6405 hex.

very familiar game, but this arrangement has a different
twist. In this version the progras constructs three
identical playing planes, numbered 1, 2, and 3, reading
from left to right, Refer to the screen dump of Figure
1. By considering all three of these planes Jointly, a
player can win--or score pofnts~ewhen three of his marks
are arrayed in a strafght line, in any direction,

As in the conventional game, players take alter-
nating turns to plot their marks, an "X" or an “O", in
any of the three planes. He (or she) does so by first
touching a number tey designating the plane, and then a
letter from the group of keys in the lower-left corner
of the keyboard, the keys QHE ASO 2XC. These nine keys
correspond to the same mine positions in each plane, The
Player does not need to press the ENTER key for 2 selec
tion to be received and recognized by the computer.
Touching the ENTER key is reserved for the signal to the
computer to clear the screen and start over on a new
geme. So avoid ENTER unless 4 new game $5 what you have
fn ning. .

To be fair with the players, the program is) de-
signed to determine randomly, for each new game, whether
the player on the left or the one on the right’ starts.
Sut the starting player 4s not permitted to place nis
initial mark in the desirable center spot of the middle
plane, And neither player {s permitted to place their
marker over one belonging to his opponent. The penalty
for any of these illega} moves is forfeiture of that
turn to play.

This routine contains several error traps which
prevent the players fron selecting an {llegs? number or
Vetter, These traps are contained in lines 625, 445, and
590,

System address 23559, rather than INKEYS, was used
to indicate which key wis selected by the player. This
approach simplifies the construction of the program,
which requires a wide range of input values.

In a program of this type, the computer must make
Bany time-consuming decisions in the principal loop that
Jays between lines 60 and 600. Some speed-up would ensue
if lines Vike 500, 510, ect., contained an additional
statement: GO TO 600. Such a statenent would obviate the
need to test any of the conditions that follow. But, the
slight additional speed was not considered to be worth
the effort here.

Have fun. Feel free to embellish the program
further, ff you so desire.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL TIC=TAC-TOE $5 a variation of a 3-D TIC-T; \C-TOE

by Warren Fricke

2 REM #4 THREE-DINENS TONAL
TIC-TAC-TOE

for

SPECTRUM of TS 2068
Aversion by
Warren Fricke

OREN ee "A-2

S BORDER 1: PAPER 6, CLS
30 FOR j2uSR CHRS 124 TO USR C
MRS 144418: READ 8) POKE 9,8. NE

xT
38 co sus ioe
40 GO SUB 2000
50 RANDOMIZE
RND<.5): LET t=0
69 IF p=i THEN PRINT AT 0,0;"R
IGN" | AT 0,30; INK 2)"0"" LET mse
CHR ige: LET isd. "BEEP .33,0
70 IF pe THEN PRINT AT 0.0; "
AT 0,00, INK a:"ee: LET mse
245: LET i21: BEEP .03,12
REM ZSPRINT PLAYER'S PIECES
PAUSE @
Let asFEEx 22559: IF asia T
MEN CLS - GO TO 48
agg FF aca8 OR 8551 THEN co To
£38 PAUSE o
50 LET BateeK 2asso
4

LET pei-(1 AND

IF beig T
HEN CLS : GO TO

445 IF_ta@ AND 2250 AND belis T
HEN GO TO 60

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comments,
a reply, I am wes
13760, 1 also Vike

if you wish

SO LET ¢=84(a-49)
OO IF be97 THEN PRINT AT_7
FN isms RNO SCREENS (7, s+

19 IF bs99 THEN PRINT AT 14,9.
LINK i;m$ AND SCREENS (14,9+¢
CHRS 32

S20 IF bs100 THEN PRINT AT 11,9
oC; INK i;mG AND SCREENS (12,9+¢
iatHRs 32

S30 IF b2i@i THEN PRINT AT 8, 9+
c) INK ijm AND SCREENS (3,9¢¢)=
ches 32

$¢O IF b2113 THEN PRINT AT_4,5+
c) INK ijm$ AND SCREENS (4,54¢)8
CHRS 32

990 IF baliS THEN PRINT AT_9,7+
ci) INK i;m$ AND SCREENS (9,740) 2
CHRS 32

S60 IF be1i9 THEN PRINT AT 6.74
&y INK 4;mS AND SCREENS (6,740) ©
CHRE 32

870 IF bsig0 THEN PRINT AT 12.7
+¢, INK :)M$ AND SCREENS (12, 74¢
DaCHRE 32

$80 IF bei22 THEN PRINT AT 10,8
+f, INK ismS AND SCREENS (10,S+c
DscHRs 32

S90 IF &«O7 OR beOg OR betas OR
b=121 OR (5<119 AND 6>11S) oR (
b(L13 AND b>101) THEN GO TO 430
G80 LET p=NOT Pp: LET t=1: Go To

2000 REM s2TITLE a INSTRUCTIONS
2010 PRINT AT 2,7;
ONAL’ FAT 4.9; “Fhoo
2026 PRINT’ AT 7,3;
goes Mot neem “Score nor determ
ine @ winner. — Players must ao
Anis themselves ,as the rules may
vary.
2030 PRINT AT 24,9; "The computer
setermines ran-‘somiy whether L
ERT or RIGHT starts the game

This version

2040 PRINT AT 14,3; “Computer wit
L keep tract of ‘whose turn it i
S$, Players alter-nate.
2045 PRINT AT 17,3; "Use the ENTE
R key only to Start a new gam
e."

2050 PRINT AT 20,3; "Stand by.”
i102 PLOT $8,150°"braw 136,

2210 PLOT 72/134: DRAW 83,6

2120 PAUSE B00: CLS

1130 RETURN

2208 REM 44 S-D BOARD

2010 FOR m=9b TO ise STEP 64

2020 FOR n=260 To 88 STEP -24

2038 PLOT m,n: DRAW 43,-48

BO70 NEXT Nn! NEXT m

2200 LET msize

2219 FOR n=36 To 212 STEP 16

@2iS PLOT nomen: DRAU O72

2220 IF n=64 THEN LET malas

2230 IF n2id8 THEN LET m=252

2240 NEXT A

225@ FOR n=20 TO 212 STEP 64

2260 PLOT n,88: DRAU 16,8

2270 NEXT _n

2290 PRINT AT @,4;°T-HAND PLAYER
“STURN. USE”

2300 PRINT AT 2,3; 1;AT 2,11;2;AT
2,39,3,8T 16,14;45AT 16,1572; aT
16.29;

@31@ PRINT AT 18,9; "Just touch

wo Keys: 2,2, or 3 & one tetter
key. Use thé ENTER hey onty to
start a new game. Gowhen ready.”

2358 RETURN

3000 DATA 49,75,68,65
R144, 80,40 ,46 84520

68,34,50,1
8,47

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Welair Ql

QL KILL (not recommended for weak
Stomichs} 1s a simulation of the
ever so popular (2) RUSSIAN ROULETTE
game, The listing was converted fron
a PASCAL program and contributed by
David Johnson, with permission from
the author, Ron S, Morr. David would
h with other QL

: 2399 St. Rt. 95,

A Review
by
Paul Bingham

French language suffers
times; being difficult to pronounce properly when

the fate of English at
read
from text. So it is with QL “Pine tree", “pain tree",
“Pee-in-tray", or “Pay entry" as this program may have
been so falsely introduced to you. If we could all read
French it would be instantly obvious that QL "Painter"
is a French screen artist program.

QL PEINTRE is a classy program in many ways. After
loading begins a picture of two chimps appears: seem-
ingly a digitized photo image. Nearly three more minutes
of on-and-off file loading finally brings a blank sub-
screen with sharp surrounding icons. French and English
titles toggle back and forth with a key press. The look
is sophisticated, elegant. The icons are easily readable
and easily used.

Should one require additional help,
mentation is excellent. Now this is not a
Struction booklet, but it is the first one I
which states simply what to press next and then accur-
ately tells what the outcome will be. Even though the
instructions do not mention it, I have found it helpful
to have a formatted cartridge on hand for saving a sceen
prior to running QL Peintre. There is a Microdrive icon,
but like so many other QL software titles, it does not
provide for formatting of a cartridge, It does provide a
nice scrolling directory option, though!

Like GRAPHIQL, reviewed by Vince Lyon in the March/
April 86 issue, Ql Peintre has many, many abilities.
Some are far more versatile as well. Circle and Are
drawing are so much improved! Fabulous, too, are the two
type faces (one very MacIntosh) in two sizes with four
spacings each. Line and spray widths with intensities
are very adjustable as are the colors and textures. But
keep in mind that QL Peintre is capable of only four
colors in High Res mode Fi, and will not run in mode FZ
on an American TY. QL Peintre supports al] the colors in
F2 mode.

Is Peintre perfect? It does have a limitation or
two. It incorporates the standard security checks re-
quiring a backup and original present. The screen work
area is much smaller than other such programs, It only
Provides 63% of the screen that GraphiQl uses. It also
does not have a wrap-around feature when drawing. If one

the
flashy
have seen

docu-
in-

bumps into the work space edge diagonally, the cursor
continues straight along that edge until stopped. Jot-

ting and spraying do not quite reach the edge of this
work area either. These are really minor items, however.
Unlike GraphiQL, Peintre never does "growl" back!

QL Peintre isn't intended as a drafting design or
CAD program. QL WORLD MAGAZINE (from England), carried a

review in the May ‘86 issue, of six such programs. Most
CAD packages were more expensive than Peintre, too.
Missing from their review was a new release, TECHNIQL

(from Talent...writers of GraphiQL). Such would be good
future Quick Look fare.

QL Peintre has a good set of save and printer
options, The Printdump program is unprotected and may be
included by the user in other programs. I was amazed to
find that it will load almost any saved screen, in-
cluding ones from COSMOS (reviewed last issue) and
GraphiQl, too. Screens can then be altered and printed
out on an Epson printer, But the output process takes 22

minutes! GraphiQL’s beats it by three or four minutes.
But unlike other dumps, this produces an output side-
ways! So if your printer is like my little Epson Home-

writer 10, most graphics look slightly elongated.
with Peintre they just come out taller.

Now

QL Peintre

bility

Lives up to Claims
Use of QL Abilities

Blank Cartridges Required
Blank Cartridges Included
Runs on U.S. T.¥. mode

BB
it

FINAL SCORE:

QL Peintre is sharp and professional. It has
limitations but is very polished and easy to adapt to.
If the programmers in France keep this up, I may start
learning to read French.

2O6s_ToO_eL

WE ARE BUILDING BRIDGES BETWEEN TSZ06G AND QL.
WHETHER THIS IS UPLOADING OR DOWNLOADING QL. IMPORTING
OR CONVERTING BASIC FROM TS2068 IS IMMATERIAL. THIS IS
NOT SOFTWARE. THIS IS A SERVICE. WE CAN TRANSPORT THE
BASIC FROM TS2068 OR SPECTRUM TO OL. NO SOUND OR MC.

BASIC PRICE PER ‘LOAD’ ON SUPPLIED CARTRIDGE... .#16.95
ON OUR CARTRIDGE--ADD $3.00
WE ACCEPT PERSONAL CHECKS. ORDERS GO OUT THE NEXT DAY.

THE ‘LOAD’ CAN BE:
1.A BUNCH OF MERGED PROGRAMS.
2.PROGRAMS AND DATA.
S.DATA IN ONE OR TWO DIMENTIONAL STRING ARRAYS.
4. DATABASES LIKE PRO/FILE 2068 OR MASTERFILE.

IF YOU WOULD RATHER SKIP THE MERGING PROCESS THEN
ADD #1.00 FOR EACH ADDITIONAL PROGRAM AND ARRAY.
EACH ADDITIONAL ‘LOAD’ WITH THE SAME ORDER..... £11.95,

YOU WILL GET TWO FILES OF YOUR BASIC PROGRAMS: THE
TRANSLATED VERSION, WITH THE SAME LINE NUMBERS, AND
THE FACSIMILE FOR REFERENCE--BYTE FOR BYTE.

IF YOU ARE ONLY THINKING QL AND WONDERING HOW YOUR
SPECIAL BASIC WOULD LOOK IN SUPERBASIC THEN SEND US
A CASSETTE WITH ABOUT SO LINES OF IT, SASE AND £1.00
FOR THE PRINT-OUT. ENCLOSE A CARTRIDGE AND ADDITIONAL
$3.00 TO GET BOTH THE PRINT-OUT AND THE SAVED LINES.

EVERY BYTE OF YOUR PROGRAM OR DATA WILL BE TRANSFERED.
LESS THEN 2% NEED BE EDITED. DATA NEEDS NO EDITING.
EUGENE PERERVA, 358 RAILROAD AVENUE
BRIDGEPORT, CT 06404 (203) S76-8728
SPECIAL FREE GIFT WITH ORDERS:

THE FIRST ISSUE OF AMERICAN FIRST QL MAGAZINE:

QUANTUM LEVELS

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The Future of the QL in America

And

Some QL Graphics Systems

Mike de Sosa

THE QL IN AMERICA

Many of us in recent years have, in anguish,
nessed the demise of first the Timex Computer
then Sinclair Research USA, and finally Sinclair Re-
search Ltd., itself. I say “in anguish” because with
their failure went fond hopes of continuing professional
support for our computers and dreams of a proliferation
of third-party hardware and software. These organiza-
tions, blessed with an excellent product and the good
will of many thousands of cult followers, just plain
“blew it" and, in the event, passed up the opportunity
for millions in profits. None seemed to learn from its
predecessors. In each case, arrogance and poor customer
relations prevailed. Statements like “we don't really
need the U.S. market" and "each Sinclair employee pro-
duces millions in earnings” added to the insult of tele~
Phone calls that were not

wit-
Corp.,

returned and letters un-
answered. Many recommendations from periodicals, users’
groups, and loyal customers, some based on time con-
suming research, were spurned, If it was not the
company's idea, it was mot, needless to say, a good
idea. The outcome, the result of arrogance and delays
due to poor management, was probably inevitable.

QL users and would-be users in the U.S. are now
dependent on a single distributor offering a limited

number of QLs through a dozen dealers--without factory
or engineering back-up. Before taking the plunge, would~
be QL buyers should be aware of a few things and then
satisfy themselves that their QL will be adequately
supported. Item=-the QL will be replaced in a year or so
(perhaps this fall in the UK) by one or more follow-on
“QL-compatible” systems that do not use Microdrives.
Item--when the present small stock of QLs are gone, no
more may be manufactured; this will affect the avail-
ability of replacement parts and maintenance and the
quantity and cost of future software for the QL. Item--
there is a difference in QDOS addressing that causes
many software programs to work improperly on U.S.
machines: for example, QL Project Planner, QL Decision
Maker, GraphiQL, and VROOM! (This problem also affects
U.S. software designers trying to get their programs to
work on European QLs.) Item--the Psion software programs
sold with QLs in the United States are now several
versions old and the documentation for these programs is
older yet. Item--the QL is poorly documented in the QL
User Guide, and scores of books on the QL--all written
early on before the operating system was perfected and
before peripherals were available--do little to help the
situation. (This problen--a major shortcoming of the QL

since its launch, and before it the T/S 2068--was
ignored by Timex and Sinclair organizations despite
urgent pleas and recommendations by QL users.) Item--

many QL users are now getting bad advice..,better
methods of communicating authoritative information re-
garding the QL are needed.

I do not believe that the QL distributors and

dealers are moving nearly fast enough to correct these

problems, a1] of which
expensive solution, For this reason, prospective QL
QL software buyers should pressure the distributors
retailers to do something about all
ASAP. In doing so, you would do yourself

are capable ine

and
and
of these problems
and them a
predictable
Jetters, and

of easy and

favor, possibly saving them from a
self-destruction, Lets have
calls on this, folks!

The following things should be done soon (and that
doesn't mean “next year"):

a. Supply QLs with the latest version of Psion QL
software. (It should cost very little to do this, and
buyers would gladly pay an extra cost.)

bd. Supply QLs with additional documentation to
supplement the inadequate, frequently erroneous, and
badly out-of-date QL User Guide. (Making this supplement
available to QL owners here and abroad could make this a
profitable endeavor.)

c. Devise a universal “patch”

rather
some cards,

which would permit

all European QL software to work properly on U.S. QLs.
(This is long overdue--a result of inaction.)
d. Insure they are getting good technical advice

regarding which QL peripherals and software to market in
this country.

e. Decide whether the current U.S. version of the
QL, Microdrives and all, should be manufactured further,
perhaps with additional butlt-in or plug-in RAM and RAH-
disk software. (An enhanced QL could be profitably
marketed in this country for another two to three
years, )

f. Make on-the-shelf QLs available with distributor
installed disk interfaces, RAM cards, and RAMdisk soft~
ware.

g. Select and standardize use of a disk
with the QL and a single DS-0D drive,
5 1/4" drive.

h, Establish a toll-free “QL HOT LINE" for three or
four hours a day to answer consumer questions.

i. Advertise the improved product. If nothing is
done, that is, if things proceed at the present pace, my
prognosis for the QL in the U.S. is a slow death.

interface
preferably a

QL GRAPHICS/CAD SYSTEMS

There are now many types of graphics systems for
the QL, ranging from those used to draw pretty pictures
to two-dimensional computer-aided design (CAD) programs
to three-dimensfonal graphics design programs. With one
exception, I believe the best of these QL graphics pro-
grams are discussed below. (The exception, QL Peintre
from France, is discussed by Paul Bingham in this issue
of TOM.)

Also discussed this month, is a new and excellent
font editor and print utility for the QL which I thought
you should hear about. Finally, as an update to last
issue's games article, a brief review of RO the
grand prix motor racing game from France.

Q Draw by Psion: Q Oraw is the software used by
Psion to Create the breathtaking graphics for OL Chess
and QL_Matchpoint. Very user-friendly, Q Draw can be
used to create pictorial graphics of all types or to
‘improve upon, or draw from, graphics screens produced by
other programs such as GraphiQL, TechniQL, Concept 3D,
Easel, or a screen created and saved from SuperBASIcC.
Cbraw offers four-color, high-resolution graphics as
well as the more usual eight-color jower-resolution
graphics, (High or lower resolution is not selectable
from within the program.) Other features include a vari-
able-width pen (or brush); the exploitation of created
“shapes” which may be created or plucked from any screen
stored on disk or Microdrive and then manipulated,
copied, or stored for later use (a library of useful
shapes is included and you may economically create your
own library); two screen magnifications; and various
cursor forms (a crosshair or screen grid may also be
selected). There are no text or curvilinear functions
which automatically create arcs, circles, or ellipses.
Cursor position coordinates are not available, but this
does not seem a great disadvantage in Q Draw. At $25,
Q Draw is the least expensive QL graphics program and in
some respects it is the best of the lot--another winner
from Psion.

GraphiQl & TechniQl by Talent: These two software
programs from Scotland are so complex and comprehensive
that a complete description of each is impossible in an
article of this length. The best I can do is describe
their capabilities and differences to help you decide
which of these two superb programs, offering over-
lapping capabilities, should suit you best.

Talent's designers have had decades of experience
in designing CAD/graphics software for mainframe and
minicomputer systems. Their microcomputer versions for

the QL, while reducing unnecessary complexity, at the
same time incorporate severa)
tures.

never before seen fea-

A sample screen from GraphiQL.

GraphiQl is a graphics design program optimized for
the computer artist or illustrator, TechniQL is a two-
dimensiona) CAD (computer-aided. design) package opti-
mized for the technical draftsman. Although the two
Programs have few features in common, each can do a fair
job at the other's tasks with a little extra effort, but
GraphiQl pictures are limited to the size of a single
computer screen, while TechniQl pictures occupy many
screens and be drawn in many layers (analogous to
acetate overlays on an engineering drawing). Both pro-
grams have good on-screen HELP facilities. Neither has a
variable-width pen (brush).

GraphiOl is primarily, a graphic arts program whose
forty-six commands and other capabilities can be used
for other purposes, including technical drafting, Graphi
QL operates only in the eight-color, medium resolution
(256 x 256 pixels) mode. Many methods of creating
illustrations are possible, and cursor coordinates and

other useful data may be displayed, if desired, Other
features include texture and airbrush effects, screen
magnification (16x), two text sizes, standard drawing
shapes, and comprehensive screen/file handling. Avail-

able at $50, including a 63-page manual, GraphiQl may be
found in an improved Sinclair Research version, OL Paint
with icon pull-down loose-leaf
manual.

TechniQl is primarily a CAD and drafting aid, but
with good graphic arts capabilities (except for text-
printing which is better on GraphiQL and. not available
in Q Draw). Additional TechniQl features include the
following: four-color, high-resolution and eight-color,
lower-resolution graphics selectable from within the
program; about forty commands which may be executed from
five pull-down menus or by two letter key codes; rapid,
multi-sheet printer output; multiple magnifications over
a wide range; a RAM-efficient design storage system; the
capability of creating and manipulating up to 75 ele-
ments (cells) as part of a single design; and compre-
hensive file storage handling. At $70, TechniQL jis the
most expensive and comprehensive QL Graphics program.

Concept 30, distributed by an American software
company located in California, is an excellent two- and
three-dimensional CAD program, although the distributors
do not refer to it as such. Like GraphiQl and TechniQL,

menus and a 123-page

Concept 3D is too comprehensive and complex to describe
in detail in an article of this length,

Aptly named, Concept 30 offers several new concepts
in graphic design (those familiar with Psion's YU-30 for
the T/S 2068 will see some similarities). Operating in
three modes, Concept 30's capabilities may be described
as excellent but with significant limitations, for
example, it cannot like TechniQ. produce layered designs
on multiple printed sheets almost automatically. Concept
‘3D produces only one screen dump at a time--and that

using the screen dump program on the Psion Easel cart-
ridge. A

Concept 3D is, despite its complexity, relatively
user-friendly. It includes the following features...
several which are unique to the QL: about 50 single-

or dual-keystroke commands listed on three main menus
and other sub-menus; four color, high resolution and
eight-color, lower resolution graphics selectable from
within the program; three types of 3D modeling, two of
which are automated; rotation of objects around three
axes, seen from various perspectives; image magni-
fication and reduction over a wide range; five text
sizes; hidden line removal and surface modeling; ex-
cellent documentation in a 45-page user manual.

At $40, Concept 30 is an ingenious and a well-
executed program orf ring several features which are
unique to the QL. My kind-of program!

Inkwell by Palantir: An inexpensive font editor
with print utilities for the QL, Inkwell at £10 (£8 to

QUANTA members) offers excellent value for money. Eight
alphanumeric or symbolic fonts are made instantly avail-
able by inserting simple codes in Quill documents,
Variable line spacing, print emphasis, inverse printing,
and equal or proportional character spacing may be
specified for symbols/font characters prepared using a
16%16 font editor, A must for desk-top publishing with
the QL.

YROOM! by Pyramide: A grand prix motor-racing simu-
lation by the distributors of 30 Manderer, VROOM! is
potentially more interesting to play than OL Hyperdrive,

its QL road-racing rival, but suffers from a fault or
two.

VROOM! includes five meandering racetracks of in-
creasing complexity. Pass 10 cars and move on to the

next circuit or begin al) over again. Graphics and sound
effects are fair to good. Your view is from the cockpit

Wote: All QL programs in the article

P.O, Box 5607, Glendale, AZ 85312, 602/978-2902; with the exception
Inkwell, which is available from PALANTIR PRODUCTS,
load, Bedminster, Bristol BS3 4RX, England.

ukes

of the race-car: the steering wheel and two front wheels
are seen to move in unison. Joystick steering at speeds
necessary to pass cars and advance to the next circuit
is very tricky.

A victim of the QDOS address differences in U.S.
Qls discussed above, VROOM! does not accurately or com-
pletely depict the plan of the grand prix circuit in
use, This may affect player steering: for example, while
you are still shown to be on a straightaway, the track
begins to curve. A second fault, perhaps related to the

first, is that it is too difficult to pass another car
at speed without either crashing or going off the road.
At $30, $3 more than Hyperdrive, VROOM! is preferable to

the former despite its faults.
NEXT ISSUE: “Optimizing QL Quill". Future articles
will deal with one main topic and, typically, discuss

new or related software programs.

were obtained from CURRY COMPUTER,
6

Dept MF1, 60 St.

Beginning Z80

This time, right to business! We are
math instructions which are listed in chart 4,
where it starts getting a little more difficult, but not

studying the
This is

so that you can't handle it. Up to this point,
the lessons have been peripheral background
make sense out of the rest of the discussion.

We only have two math functions available to us:
Addition and Subtraction. As with Ld, this is not as
limited as it first sounds. A study of Math Theory would
teach you that all math functions are performed with
addition, I'1] not try to explain this further as it
would fi11 a volume larger than a1] TOM‘s published to
date. The point we need to understand and absorb is that
multiplication is performed by repetitive additions,
Likewise, division can be achieved by repetitive sub-
traction.

It is important that this makes sense to you. Think

most of
needed to

about the multiplication problem of 12X6. It can be
solved by either of the following:
12
12
12 12
a3 12
72 12
tie
72
Can you see how we can solve division problems by

repetitive subtraction? If we had the problem 72/12, how
many times can we subtract 12 from 72? Is there a re-
mainder? Simple, isn't it?

This brings us to the first instruction...Add.
have already seen Add in operation, in Lesson 2,
probably have a good idea of its function. Trust me,
performs addition. Some of the later instructions will
not be so obvious. Ke would read the instruction, Add
A,E, as “add the value in the E register to the value in
the A register and store the result in the A register".

In lesson 3, we learned that the A register is
called the “Accumulator”. The A register is the only
register that can “accumulate” the results of eight bit

We
and
it

Machine Code

Part Four

by Syd Wyncoop

arithmetic. If we had wanted the result in the E regi-
ster, we would need to assign it. Can you guess the
needed instruction? You get an "A" if you said Ld A,E.
Otherwise, go back to lesson 3.

We also have available the instruction, Sub. The A
register performs a special purpose here also. The A
register is the only register we can subtract from. As
with Add, the A register accumulates the result. You may
see this instruction written as Sub A,C or Sub C. They
mean the same thing. We will use Sub C as the A register
is always implied in eight bit arithmetic.

I have mentioned several times that the A register
will accumulate the results of eight bit arithmetic. We
need to leave the instructions for some more background,

We have already learned that a single register may
only contain a value in the range 0-255, There is a con-
dition known as an “overflow” which occurs when these
values are exceeded, The simplest way to describe over-
flow is by example. Let's assume we are adding 255+1. We
have not discussed number systems yet (that's a later
lesson) but let's show our example in binary as it will
demonstrate the point dramatically:

Decimal Binary
255 Aiiaii1ia
a 9 a
256 1 60000000
Look closely at the binary example, Each digit
represents a bit of the A register (or any other eight

bit location), Assume for now that my answer is correct,
and you will note that we are now trying to place a nine
bit number into an eight bit hole! The answer returned
in this case would be 0, instead of the expected answer
of 256. Our example shows an eight bit overflow, but can
you see how we overflow a register pair (sixteen bits)?

Our friend, the CPU, has a special register, F,
which we learned stands for Flag. It is called this be-
Cause its job is to keep track of various things for
the CPU. This is accomplished by the setting or re-
setting of a bit of the F register. Setting a bit makes

ital, and re-setting it makes it a0. We will discuss
this in some detail at a later time,

The bits are referred to as flags due to the fact
that they indicate wether or not a certain condition

exists. The flag we are now interested in, is the Carry

flag. We will also discuss the F register later,
fore, we only need to consider the Carry flag now.

In the above example, we found we would receive an
answer of 0. The ninth digit is not lost, as it is
placed in the F register as the carry flag. In other
words, the Carry flag takes on the value (either 2 or 0)
of the overflow from out arithmetic operation. We will
soon wee why we would want to save the carry.

Back to the math instructions, We have available
the instruction AOC which is read add with carry. To see
the difference, another example:

Add A,E means Let A=A+E

ADC A,E means Let A=AtE+Carry (keeping in
mind that the carry will again
be set or reset by the result)

AOC will allow us

there-

to chain together the needed
additions to guarantee the correct result. Some of the
same results can be achieved with the register pair
instructions, however, there can still be overflows.
Study the following to see what I mean:
Ld HL,0046h Ld H, 00h
Ld BC, 7FFFh Ld L,40h
Add HL, BC id B,FFh
Ld BH Ld c,7fh
id C,L Ld A,L
Ret Add A.C
Ld LA
Ld A,H
ADC A,B
Ld BA
Ld CL
Ret
Both of these routines will do the same job. Which

makes more sense? Uses less memory? Executes faster? The
point is that there are many ways to get the job done
and many considerations to why we should choose one over
another.

Ke also have SBC or subtract with carry. This one
is special because it is the only way to perform sixteen
bit subtraction. We cannot Sub HL,BC. We must SBC HL,8C
which implies we know the status of the carry flag. We
may not know what's on carry's mind, but we can clear
the carry flag prior to performing a S8C by doing an
addition, that we know will not generate a carry. One

that will work in al] cases is Add A,O, The value of A
is unchanged and the carry flag is reset (0) or cleared
as there is no overflow, We will
clear carry, soon,

find other ways to

Parts One and Two of this series covered the VARS,
System Variables, and the Safe Area methods of passing
data from one program module to another in a chained
program.

The Above RAMTOP method of passing data, in chained
programs, is very similar to the Safe Area method and is
the best of all of the methods, as data stored above
RAMTOP is protected from LOAD, RUN, NE, an expanding
program, or the expansion of the display file. About the
only thing that can wipe out data properly stored above
RAMTOP is a program crash, a power failure, a program
bug, or resetting RAMTOP.

We need to be aware that HL acts as the accumulator
for sixteen bit arithmetic operations. Hi has much the
same favorite status with the CPU as does A. The reason
we need an eight and a sixteen bit accumulator is that
we cannot add or subtract registers from register pairs
and vice versa. In other words, we cannot Add HL,A.

The last instructions for this lesson are special
cases of Add and Sub. They are Inc and Dec which are
short for increment and decrement. Each will Inc or Dec
by one. For example:

Inc HL Let HUsHL+t
Dec HL Let HL=HL-1

Armed with these new instructions, see if you can
rewrite the addition routine we had in lesson 2, to
avoid the overflow error it contains, Make sure the last
instruction is a Ret and use PRINT USR address to run it
and return the answer to BASIC. See if you can write a
similar routine to perform subtraction.

A final note on the charts I am providing. This is
the last time I will include the abbreviations comments,
Also, you can usually substitue IX or IY for HL and
(1x44) or (I¥4d) for (HL). Therefore, I will not include
them in the charts,

Until next time...happy computin'.

means
means

Add A, (x40)
Aad Ay (1Y4d)
ADE Aye
ADS Ayn
ADE Ay (MLD
Bub r
Sub n
Bue ML? :
t Ine er
SBC Ayr 1 Ine 6P
89G Ayn '
SBC A, OR) ! Dec rr
1 Dac Sp
Inc t
Ine (Ly t
Dec r t
Dec (HL? t
Wheres F sany single regtater
4
n 0-253,
ns O~65535
¢ 0-235,
Ps

TS 1000/1500 PROGRAM CHAINING

Part Three

by Earl ¥. Dunnington

The amount of bytes or addresses you can lower
RAMTOP and stil] have the program RUN is determined by
the Upper and Lower Limits of the Safe Area of the pro-
gram, In a Chained Program, the module that requires the
most memory in order to RUN, determines the address to
which RAMTOP can be set for the entire program, A method
for finding the Upper and Lower Limits of the Safe Area
and the minimum setting for RAMTOP that will allow the
program to run, was presented in the series of articles:
“Adventures In The RAM Jungle And Other Mysteries" (see
Sept/Oct '85 thru Jan/Feb '86 issues of TDM).

When the computer is turned on, the address of RAM-
TOP is the first nonexistent byte at the top of the user

availble Random Access Memory (RAM). For the Ik 2X81,
this address will be 17408; for the 2k TS 1000 it will
be 18432; and for the 16k TS 1500 it will be 32768. when
a 16k Ram pack (TS 1016) is attached and the computer
turned on, RAMTOP is at address

32768 for all three
computers. To check the address of RAMTOP, ENTER:
PRINT PEEK 14389+256*PEEK 14389
This only returns the value stored in the system vari-
able RAMTOP. To check that RAMTOP is actually at this
address, let A= the address stored in the system vari-

able. Then ENTER:
PRINT PEEK (A-1}

The result should be 62

In the case of the TS 1500 with the 16k Ram Pack
attached, the bytes from address 32768 to 49151 are
above RAMTOP and can be used for storage of data in-
cluding machine code programs, Any part or all of the
additional memory can be incorporated into the BASIC
Programming area by raising RAMTOP, Of course RAMTOP can
also be lowered.

Should you have an odd amount of RAM, to find the
maximum address to set RAMTOP, add to 16 the k of the
RAM and multiply by 1024 (the number of bytes in one k).
For example, if you have four k RAM:

(16+4)#1024=20480

However, the maximum address that you could set RAMTOP
is 65535 not 65536 as the maximum value you can POKE
into an address is 255,

RAMTOP can be lowered to make room for the storage
of data by POKEing the address desired into the system
variable RAMTOP and then entering NEW. The system vari-
able RAMTOP consists of two bytes located at addresses
16388 and 16389, The formulas for POKEing the low byte
into the lower addresses and high byte into the higher
addresses are given on page 134 of the TS 1000 and page
160 of the TS 1500 User Manuals. For example, to set
RAMTOP to 18000, then n=16388 and v=18000, Substituting
in the formulas, type into the computer:

10 POKE 16388, 18000-256#INT (1
8000/256)

20 POKE 1636841, INT (18000/256
)

30 NEW

Now RUN the program. To check
ENTER:

that RAMTOP was moved,

PRINT PEEK 17999

The result will be 62. As you can see, the NEW command
wipes out the program. It also destroys any variables,
strings and dimensions. This precludes the use of this
method of setting RAMTOP in a module designed to auto-
matically LOAD the next module of a chained Program, A
routine for setting RANTOP without destroying the pro-
gram or any variables or strings was presented on pages
9 and 10 of the July/August ‘85 issue.

Although RAMTOP cannot be set using NEW in a module
designed to LOAD the next module, it is used in some
types of programs where the operator does the linking.
NEW is also used where machine code is to be shifted
above RAMTOP to wipe out the program in order that a new
program be typed into the computer. This can be accomp-
lished by POKEing the code into the Safe Area for the
program, before the line containing NEW. For example,
clear the computer memory by turning it off and then
back on. Type in the program given above adding the
following line:

——————————————————————
SS

25 POKE 18001,;255

RUN the program. Now ENTER the direct com-
mand:

PRINT PEEK 18001

As you can see the 255 is still in address 18001, RAMTOP
is set below this at 18000, and the program has been de-
stroyed,

For the 1k RAM 2X81: Set RANTOP to 17000 using v=
27000, PEEK 16999 for the 62, change Line 25 for address
17001, and PEEX 17001 for the 255,

If you intend to do serious programning, work with
chained programs or use word processors, then you should
have two accessories besides an interfaced printer. The
first is a tape recorder (or other storage device)
capable of consistant SAVEs and LOADs. Two is even
better, one for LOADing programs or data connected Ear
to Ear with the computer, the other for SAVEing programs
or data connected Mic to Mic. I use a Radio Shack CIR-51
only for LOADing as it has a wider allowable volume
control setting range on some commercially produced
software, My other tape recorder is a GE Computer Data
Recorder model no. 3-51588.

The second accessory is an emergency power supply
particularly in Florida where we refer to the power
company as "Florida Flicker and Flash". Figure No.l is a
circuit diagram for an automatic emergency power supply

that will maintain the program for power interuptions up
to 15 minutes. You must remember to throw the switch off
before disconnecting the regular computer power supply
or before plugging into the computer,

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In addition to the parts listed on the diagram, you
will need the following items:

1 project box large enough to accomodate the cir-
cuit plus the four batteries.

l rubber grommet to protect the leads to the com-
puter.

4 nine volt battery connectors.

1 two conductor 1/8" modular phone jack, open cir-
cuit type, panel mounting (Radio Shack 274-251).

1 two conductor 1/8" mini phone plug (Radio Shack

274-286).

The use of a 12 volt latern battery instead of re-
chargeable 9 volt batteries and a battery powered tape
recorder, would allow the SAVEing of the program or
data. However, leaving the switch on inadvertantly with-
out the computer power supply on could be costly. If you
use the 12 volt battery, also use 2.5 amp silicon diodes
(Radio Shack 276-1114). As diodes are easily damaged
with heat...heat sink them while soldering.

A practical chained program illustrating the
RAMTOP method of passing data will be presented in
Four of this series of articles.

Above
Part

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Understanding And Upgrading

The TS1016

by Tim St

This is the first of a two part article on how
dynamic rams operate, how the TS1016 works, and how to

upgrade the ram pack to use the newer § volt-only 64k
dynamic rams.

First let me put to rest all the fears that are
probably running through your minds right now! Dynamic
rams have had a bum rap for years. They are not only

EASY to use but they are also much easier to wire up!
Have you wired, or can you imagine wiring up, an array
of 64k memory using static random access memory? Even if
you used the now inexpensive 6116 CMOS 2k byte-wide rams
you would need 32 of them, plus the supporting selection
logic on a board that will barely fit in an $100 system!
If you used the affordably latest fn CMOS ram (8k byte~
wide), then the resulting 8 28-pin chips plus selection
logic would fit on a board about the same size as your
TS1000/2X81 computer!

Dynamic rams, or DRAMs for short, are constructed
of simply one transistor and one capacitor per data bit.
Static Rams, or SRAMs for short, are constructed of a
flip-flop consisting of 4 or more transistors per bit.
Right off you can see that the SRAMs consume much more
power and much more die space (die is the actual silicon
chip that the DRAM is made of} than DRAMs. DRAMs are not
without fault, however, in that they require a small
amount of attention to timing, and refresh to use.

With SRAMs you simply supply an address. and wait
the required access time for the data to appear at the
output. DRAMs, on the other hand, require multiplexing
of the address bus. Why? Take a look at a typical DRAM
such as the one in your TS1016 ram pack and count the
leads on the IC body. I count 16. Well, Jets see...the
4116 rams used in the TS1016 ram pack need 3 supply
voltages and ground (+5, +12, -5, GND)...that leaves us
12 leads for address and control; or for the 64k DRAM, 2
leads are used for power (+5, GND), so that would leave
14 pins for address and control. Now let's supply the 14
address lines needed for 16k, or for the 64k DRAM 16
address lines...oops, we just ran out of pins,

The manufacturers came up with a scheme for cram-
ming 14 lines into the 7 that are needed for the 16k
DRAM, or 16 lines into 8 needed for the 64k DRAM by
multiplexing them: First, you supply the lower 7 or 8
address bits to the address lines and strobe them into
the DRAM. The DRAM contains a Row address latch that
holds these 7 or 8 address bits, and in fact, the strobe
line used to strobe them in, is called RAS (Row Address
Strobe), Next, we switch to the upper 7 or 8 address
lines via a TTL multiplexer switch and then strobe in
the column address using a second strobe line on the
ORAM chip called CAS (Column Address Strobe). Lastly, we
wait the required access time and then read the data out
of the ORAM. The only other requirement we must observe
js the refresh timing needed by the DRAMs.

Since each bit in a DRAM consists of just one
transistor and a capacitor, it is easy to see that there
is no stable state like that in flip-flop type memory
found in SRAMS. The capacitor soon starts to lose its
charge via leakages of one type or another, and before
you know it you've lost the state that was stored in
that capacitor, In order not to lose the capacitor's
state we must perfodically refresh each capacitor to
preserve its current state. Refresh simply means that we
want to preserve whatever state the storage capacitor is
currently in, the two states being charged for a logic
high, or discharged for a logic low.

The manufacturers determined that if each capacitor
was refreshed within a specific amount of time, enough
of its charge would still be there to determine what

RAM Pack

oddard

BS D—— ale FIGURE 1 ra
BE p—— ak 4 Swern 1k RAM PACK
mS > J inne

its current state should be. For most 16k DRAMS such as
those in the TS1016 ram pack, and the newer 64k DRAMs,
each location must be refreshed every 2 milliseconds.

Reading al] 16,384 locations to refresh the DRAM,
would a considerable amount of time, Another way to re-
fresh the DRAM is needed to keep the refresh time down,
One way takes into account the fact that when a

row is
addressed, that ENTIRE ROW is refreshed! So if we
address just 128 row locations, the entire 16k would

have been refreshed, I should also point out at this
time that the 64k drams are internally arranged so that
they only need 128 row refreshes to refresh the entire
ORAM. THey are internally set up as four 16k blocks.
Since the row addresses are supplied to each of the four

16k blocks at once, it follows that only 128 refresh
cycles will refresh the entire ORAM.
A method that takes advantage of an entire row

being refreshed while applying the row address is called
RAS only refresh. It is enabled by supplying the refresh
address to the address pins of the ORAM and then en-
abling the RAS line ONLY. THis will refresh the entire
row addressed by the address pins. Also, since we do not
supply the column address and the CAS signal, the ORAM
will not complete a true read operation, and therefore,
wil] not output any data, but will remain in a tri-state
condition,

There are a number of other refresh modes, es-
pecially in the newer 64k and 256k DRAMs, and if there
is enough interest in this article, I'll describe those
modes in a future article. For now, let's proceed to the
inter-workings of the TS1016 ram pack with this new
knowledge of DRAMs under our belts.

I could not procure a schematic of the ram pack, so
I dissected a ram pack that I own and drew a schematic

from that. During the following discussion, please use
the schematic in figure 1, and the timing relationships
in figure 2.

The first thing you 280 hackers will notice is that
there is a refresh counter in the ram pack. Anyone who
has worked with the 280 knows that it has its own re-
fresh counter on chip, so why use an external one? The
"R" register, as it is called in the Z80, is used in the
display interupt routine to count the number of char-
acters per line, and since the "R" register is manipu-
lated alot in this routine, it would not be wise to use
this register to preserve your data.

ICs "A" and “B" are 74LS157s (quad 2 line to one
line multiplexers) and are used to switch in the refresh
adéress counter IC "E", a 74L$393 dual binary counter.
The counter is needed to “remember" what address we need
to refresh. The refresh request signal is supplied by
the 280 CPU in your TS/2X computer and is called REFSH

on the schematic. So when REFSH (active low) comes into
the ram pack it gets buffered and inverted by gate "F4"
and is then sent to pin 1 of both ICs “A” and “B" which

will cause them to select the inputs suffixed with a "1"
(A1,B1,C1, and D1), THose inputs come from the outputs
of the 74LS 393 refresh address counter. Note also that
the same line used to select the refresh counter will
also advance the counter one count AT THE END OF THE
CURRENT REFRESH CYCLE. The counter will now contain the
next address needed to refresh, ICs “C" and “D", also
multiplexers, are switched ‘by gate "G4" which is enabled
by gate "Fl" via gate "F2", During a refresh cycle there
are no active RD or WR signals from the 280, so the out-
put of gate “Fl” is low, the output of gate "F2" then is
high, and the output of IC "G4" is also high. The multi-

plexers "C" and "D" therefore, take input via the inputs
suffixed with a “1" (Al,B1,C1, and D1), which is from
the refresh counter via the multiplexers "A" and "B".

The DRAM address lines are at this point “connected" to
the refresh counter IC "E“ via the four multiplexers.

The last requirement to refresh the DRAM is to
supply the RAS signal, This is accomplished with the
MREQ signal supplied by the Z80 CPU. The MREQ signal is
buffered by gate "G2" and supplied directly to the RAS
input of the DRAM. This low-going signal latches the re-
fresh address in the DRAM causing that entire row to
refresh. Note that since gate "G4" is disqualified by
the output from gate “F2", which we discussed eartier,
its output will never change during the refresh cycle.

This will keep the refresh address supplied to the DRAM
and also keep the CAS line to the DRAM inactive (high)
throughout the refresh cycle, thus preventing a true

read operation of the DRAM. The output of the DRAM,
therefore, during refresh is at its tri-state condition.
The MREQ signa) now goes inactive (high) which removes
the RAS signal from the DRAM ending the refresh cycle.
Finally, the inverted REFSH signal coming out of gate
"F4" now goes low, switching the multiplexers "A“ and
“B" back to the system address lines, and at the same
time the low-going signal advances the refresh counter
IC "E" via pin 1 to the next row address in preparation
for the next refresh cycle. That wasn't so bad was it?
Now for a RD/WR cycle.

First, keep in mind that because the REFSH signal

is inactive during a read or write cycle, the multi-
plexers "A" and "B" are supplying address lines AO
through AG to the inputs suffixed with a “1" on multi-

plexers "C" and "Db". Multiplexers "C" and “D" now select
either system address lines AQ through A6, or system
address lines A7 through Al3.

The first signal to occur after the system has
supplied the proper address is the MREQ signal. This
signal, after passing through buffer "G2", is supplied
to the RAS pin of the DRAM. At this instant, when the
RAS signal has just gone active (low), the DRAM is
"looking" at system address lines AQ-A6, and this
address gets latched into the DRAM's interna? RAS latch.
MREQ is also supplied to gate “G4” via a time delay net-

[EH cme mer

Fieve 2

work consisting of a 300 ohm resistor and a 47 PF cap.;
and befor the MREQ signal has had time to get through
the time delay circuit, the output of gate "G4" is at
its inactive (high) state, This keeps multiplexers “C"
and “D" selecting address lines AO-A6 via multiplexers
“A" and “B". About 50 to 100 nanoseconds later the MREQ
signal finally gets through the time delay circuit and
partially enables gate "G4", The other leg of gate "G4"
is enabled for a read or write operation (which we are
doing) and system address line Al4,

System address line Alé, when in its high state, is
used to select the ram pack by placing it in the 16k to
32k system address range. Note that since the last
address line Al5 is not defined anywhere, a mirror image
of the ram pack will be found in the 48 to 64k area of
system ram. Anyway, gate "G4" is now active and its out-
put goes active (low). This signal now switches the
multiplexers “C“ and "D" to the system address lines A7-
Al3, Note, too, that for multiplexer "C“ the output 7C
goes from high to low via inputs CO and Cl. This will
supply a low going signal to a second time delay cir-
cuit. Khy? We have just switched the address lines to
the DRAM and before latching the address in the DRAM, we
must now allow some time for the multiplexer output to
“settle” before enabling the CAS signal to the DRAM,
this time is given to us with the second time delay cir-
cuit. After 50 to 100 nanoseconds the signal gets thru
the time delay circuit and is supplied to the CAS pin on
the DRAM. This latches address lines A7-A13 into the CAS
latch in the DRAM. About 50 nanoseconds later, the DRAM
will supply its output data via pin 14 to the system
data buss during a read cycle, or for awrite, it will
strobe in the data from the data buss on the falling
edge of the Z80 supplied WR signal.

The only way the DRAM knows what type of cycle the
780 is in, is via pin 3 on the DRAM. When low, it is a
write cycle, and when high, a read cycle. This signal
is supplied by the 280 CPU and occurs during the MREQ
signal. After the 280 has read or written the data, it
will make the MREQ signal inactive (high), this will
then make RAS inactive (high), also causing gate "G4" to
switch multiplexers "C” and back to inputs Al-D1
thus causing CAS to go inactive, tri-stating the DRAMS
data output and ending the read/write cycle.

The one transistor circuit at the bottom of the
schematic is a DC to DC converter that supplies the
needed +12 and -5 volt bias supplies for the 4116 DRAMs.
This circuit is a source of a lot of noise and will be
eradicated when we upgrade the ram pack.

I know that the above discussion is somewhat “dry",
but if you can come to understand what is going on,
you'll be a long way into understanding what makes your
computer “tick”!

In the next issue, I'l] present the needed modi-
fications to upgrade the TS1016 to 64k, plus some of the
unusual restrictions imposed by the TS1000/ZX81 archi-
tecture in designing 64k ram systems.

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‘equations that wil act uoon the dataalready within
the spreadsheet. Youcan also onter bar graphs
into acellinthis option. Absolute /telativereplica-
tion, down/across.acolumn/row,isalsoaliowed
by this option. Also this option allows the auto-
matic calculation of the entre spreadsheet with
‘one single command. Print allows youto cutputto
ether tne 2X/TSprinter ine entire spreadsheetby
column-sets and row-pages through use of the
COPY command. Theentirespreagsneet maybe
saved on cassette tape or you may clear ail di
from it or erase the program from RAM entirely.
‘The most salient advantage provided by an ESC
over specifically vertical applications sofwareis
‘that an ESC provides a reusable framework with
which you can compose any specitic financial
model rather than justbe limtedtoonly one st
cally fixed format for storing, displaying and
manipulating numerical data,

$16.95

$3.00 SHIPPING AND HANDLING /PROGRAM

2ZX-CALENDAR

DP arrOINIMENT ADE]
Wore 26/37/04

yaar. EUAN RED, CAREER
te 3'se Aen.

Peontron Berm
RHI 299 poeeego er. Ho.
ca eeee eesti)

VEAL IDRERE OUTEEEO RS ED

Bie ry

Time management is an important aspect of
any serious business and personal agenda
Planning how to spend ourtime leaves.us better
prepared before and while we are spending it
and we remain better organized atter we finish
spending it. ZX-Calendar operates in 16-64K
RAM attording 25 appointments in 16K, 100 in
32k or 180 in 48K and 64K. Each
appoiriment record holds @ maximum of 220
characters. The main menu includes enter,
Search/check/son, change, save, clear anc
print any and all eppointments made on a
‘specitic date or with any party. Output to either
the ZX/TS printer is permissible. This program
will permit you to amember to do something oF
to be somewhere important by cataloging your
answers 10 Six quastions that you mustaccount
for in order not to waste time when It is scarce
when, with whom, al what time, for how long,
where and what are you going to discuss and
conclude when you get together with someone
else? The program iets you permanentiy
originate, record, classify, search, sort.
calculate, modify. summarize. obtain a written
report and store your answers to the preceding
questions so that you will net forget what you
Gecide to do with your time. This program
identities your time according to when you are
going to spend it and with whom you are going
to share i Through these forms of labeling
Bppointments you are able to verity or modity
how your time is budgeted without wasting ink,
paper Gr moretie trying toremember what you
Said to yourself or what someone ei6o said to
you of where you placed certain written
messages that you now can't find. With this
program you will know where you can lind
‘exactly what you need to know about where you
want to and have to be, or where you have been.
before you getand alter you got there, Thus, Zx-
Calendar wil lat you plain your time so that you wit
never have to worry about wnat is ahead or what
came before, for you wil always know, by using
10 never be caught astray by any time-frame.

$16.95

A.F.R. SOFTWARE - 1605 Pennsylvania Avenue, No. 204 - Miami Beach, Florida 33139

DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME

(305) 531-6464

FLORIDIANS ADD SALES TAX

WEYMIL CORPORATION

..makes a serious commitment to the Timex user in the development of high-quality, in-
novative, and user-friendly software, complete with layman-oriented documentation, and all
at affordable prices. We are proud to offer you:

* THRUST*

Finally, real graphics power for your TS
1000! THRUST, the last word in cursor-
controlled hi-res graphics for screen or
printer output, is a software package
composed of SincArtist HR and SincAr-
tist 1.3. Examine this sample for an idea
of the powerful versitility of THRUST.

SINCARTIST 1.3 - The original! Fan-

tastic hi-res graphics delivered to the 2040

printer. SincArtist 1.3 boasts excellent

user-group reviews and is simply the best |
non-hardware system available. Note ea
these features:

— 192 x 256 high-resolution file displayed in a 48 x 64 screen window
— Circles, triangles, rectangles, quadrilaterals, rays, inversing, and more
— 40 redefinable patterns and a variety of draw and fill modes

— Cursor or joystick control

— No system modifications required

THRUST includes SincArtist HR and Sine-Artist 1.3 (these programs are not sold
separately), The Ultimate Hi-Res Tape is available exclusively from Weymil Corporation for
only $20.

* MINI XMOD *

MINI XMOD - Allows your Westridge or Byte-Back modem to up and download Timex pro-
grams to any XModem protocol BBS.

— Fully documented with easy-to-follow instructions for the layman

— 16K and 64K versions included

— Ideal for storage in Hunter Board

— Produced on high-quality casette for the ZX 81, TS 1000, and TS 1500

MINI XMOD is available from Weymil Corporation for only $20. Please specify Westridge
or Byte-Back version.
WEYMIL CORPORATION
BOX 5904
BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-5904

(Write for a free catalogue of other TS 2068 and TS 1000 products)

SINCLAIR QL COMPUTER and extra
software, $275 used. Delta 3-in-1
interface with 128K, a disk in-
terface and parallel printer port,
$225. Two 3" Amdek disk drives,
power supply and cable, $125. ALL
for $550 and shipping. 904/378-
9000 evenings.

LLsolrtel

FREE ADS FOR SUBSCRIBERS

FOR SALE: extra copy of 352-page
QL ADVANCED USER GUIDE by Adrian
Dickens--THE authoritative guide
to the QL & QDOS. Asking $20 ppd
(compare at $29.95) send to Paul
Bingham, POB 2034, Mesa, AZ 85204.
T/S 2068 UTILITIE. Auto~line
Number, Renumber (GOTOs, GOSUBs,
ect.), Read Tape Header, Display
Vars., Find String in Prog. $10.
Michael Cover, 1405 Chevington
Cir., Zanesville, OH 43701.

ADVENTURERS! Join in the fastest
growing hint trading group in North
America. Send SASE with hints, and
problems, for prompt reply to:
Douglas Jeffery, Larch Rd., RR #1
Telkwa, B.C., Canada VOJ 2x0.

WANTED: Programs for TS-1000 to
trade. Send me your list and large
SASE. Also programs for above 16K
RAM. Anyone have a copy of Memotech
Memopak 64K Memory Instruction
Manual? Any information will be
appreciated, Richard Beier, One FOR SALE: Over 30 game programs
Darwin Drive, N. Merick, NY 11566. for T/S 2068 or Spectrum at $8.00
Snore ne nm ew een ana con nwennnnamanansnoewen monn (U.S.). Send for a list of soft-
AERCO C/P $50; TS-1000 with power ware available or phone (403) 236-
supply and man. $10; 2068 Software 4465. Garvin Bertrand, #311 135

$35. D. Gustafson, P.O. Box 3700, Lynnview Rd. S.E., Calgary, Alberta
Pens. FL 32516 (OS-64, ML Tutor, Canada T2C 266. p= el
VU=3D, :MSCRIPT/Ajage)y.. © “| p etan tanec cele ete. “<2
tO A eR eats oa Lac tmaral 6 TS BOOKS FOR SALE: Working 2068,
SOFTWARE for TS-2068, TS-1000, and Creative Games For 2068, Games For
AERCO FD-68. New and used hardware/ 2068, TS 2068 Explored, The 2068,
software. SASE for free catalog. 200 Computer Programs In BASIC For
Chia-Chi Chao, 73 Sullivan Dr., 1000 + 2068. C. Lytie, 1064
Moraga, CA 94556. ze Worth. Woods, Worth., OH 43085.

WOULD LIKE TO CONTACT another Zebra T/S 1000, 2050 MODEM, Millenia K
Graphics Tablet User. Need more info Disk I/F, Zebra Lightpen, lots of
on Interface and Software--Alvin S/W: 615-823-2078 p.m. only.

Lam, 1258 Fascination Circle, D. Taylor, Rt 4 Box 303-A,
Richmond, CA 94803. Livingston, TN 38570 for titles,

Sete teen emanate nnn nnn nnn nnn nnn en enasacns prices, more info.
COMING SOON. MONEY MACHINE I1.

Now starring VANNA WHITE. Send
SASE for FREE LLISTing of Vanna
White moving graphic. Herb Bowers,
2588 Woodshire Cr., Chesapeake, VA
23323.

—

FOR SALE: 2068 w/Tech Manual,
Alphacom 32 printer, 2 programs &
3 texts. ZX81, Winkee & 6 texts.
100 hrs on each. S.L. Jacobs,
Rt 3 Box 2750, Dexter, ME 04930,
207-924-6414

Do you have some equipment or a program that you would like to sell? Looking for something hard to find? Place an
ad in THE CLASSIFIEDS! Subscribers can place one free personal ad in each issue. Ad size is 32 Col. wide (like 2040
paper) and maximum of six lines. For additional lines - $3 each. NON-SUBSCRIBERS and DEALERS: $4 a line.
DEADLINE FOR ALL CLASSIFIED ADS: Two weeks before publication date. Mail your ad to:

TIME DESIGNS MAGAZINE, The Classifieds Dept., 29722 Hult Rd., Colton, Oregon 97017.

WANTED TO BUY: Ramex Millennia K
Disk Drive System w/MPI i-meg
drive. Also same drive #2 for above.

Send price quote to~ B. Hardware
c/o Jim, 132 1st Ave. S., Perham,
MN 56573. 218-346-4760.

WANTED: Screen dump progran on
cassette to drive Tandy CGP-220
Color Ink Jet Printer for TS-2068
w/ Tasman B I/F and/or on mcdrive
for QL. Michael Kudelka, 4859
Sacramento, St Louis, MO 63115.

FOR T/S 2068: 3-Reel 9-Way Win
Giant Slot Machine on cassette.
All in BASIC & listable, about

32K with Stick/Inkeys provision.
Send $6.00 to D. JEWETT, 63 Charro
Dr., Santa Rosa, CA 95401. Includes
shipping.

WOULD LIKE TO CONTACT MIDI I/F
OWNERS who use 2068 or Spectrum
and any keyboard. Professional
musicians or amateur hobbyists.
May start Sinclair MIDI users
group/newsletter. Write to: Tim
Woods c/o TIME DESIGNS, 29722

fult Rd., Colton, OR 97017

QL MULTI-MICRO SPECIAL: $283

WITH FREE EXTRA SOFTWARE!
Get an Extra FREEWARE cartridge
Filled with additional Super

Software with ALL QL purchases

right NOW! Get Backup Utilities,
Graphics Demos, Clocks, Maps,
Sound Generators, a Postermaker!
Teo Much to mention! All Free
with each QL ordered. Add $7.00
for S&H please. ALSO: SPECIAL
PROGRAMMERS, OS/LANGUAGES,
EDUCATIONAL & BUSINESS SYSTEM
PACKAGES! MODEMS. CALL us up on

our Q Linet

But what IF you Already HAVE your
QL?? THEN Just send in a blank
cartridge with $2.0® for S&H and
you'll get all of the above FREE
Programs Too! We offer users
QUANTUM SUPPORT for the QL! The
Computer That By Far Outclasses
the Status Quo PCXTAT & Cloneys!

ORDER OUR CATALOG!
and get this

FREE Software §

on cassette...

FOR THE TS2068

re SOMGETE ang

1. 3D Moving Display
2. 3D Pyramid
3. DIAMOND MIKE game demo

4. 3D Tic-Tac-Toe demo
5. Plus commentary by programmer
John Coffey on 32-bit computers.

Our unique product catalog and free
software all on a quality tape only...
$1.00
Order Yours Today!

JRC Software

P.O. Box 448
Scottsburg, IN 47170

eetings human, I am
.¥., winner of the
Golden Droid Award at the
First International Personal
Robot Congress and Expo in
1984. You may be sucprised
to hear that my brain is
ceally @ Timex/Sinclair
1000 computer. In fact, you
can learn nore about me and
other projects in a new
book by my master, Bruce
€. Tayler. The book is
called: BUILD A MICROOOMPUTER~
CONTROLLED ROBOT. It has
over 200 pages, over 80
illustrations, and coves
with a great looking custem
Ascing binder. There is even
& bonus section for in-
structora who would like to
teach about robotics. You
can get your very own copy
for only $17.00 (postage
paid) from the nice folks
at TIME DESIGNS MAGAZINE
Company. Get a head start
on personal robotics...the
nevest high-tech craze. Get
bock, and read all about
how could you ge ureng

Quality Publications For Sinclair Computers

TIME DESIGNS MAGAZINE COMPANY
29722 Hult Ad. Colton, Oregon 97017

TS2068
Trackball
Only $19.95 -

Originally sold for $69.95

a
Ws
Specify Cat# TBTMX02

Plugs into TS2068 Joystick Port and

works with all joystick software.

Bonus Feature: Also works on Commodore 64,
VIC-20, ATARI 800, and more. Contact factory
for more complete list.

You can benefit from our recent purchase of brand new WICO
Trackball Controllers at closeout prices. We've taken the model
WICO originally made for the Texas Instrument 99/4A and made a
very simple modification so it now is fully compatible with the
Timex TS2068’s joystick port.

WICO is the largest designer and manufacturer of control devices
for commercial arcade video games. If you've ever played an arcade
video game, chances are you've used a WICO joystick or trackball.
You've experienced the superior control,
accuracy. The exceptional durability

The pinpoint firing

Features; Phoenolic ball offers 360-degree movement. Two optical
encoders provide split-second movement. Quick-action fire button
for smooth, two handed arcade response and feel. Long 6’ computer
connection, Heavy duty plastic case for long hard ure

The WICO warranty has been voided by our modification. But we
sive you our 15-day money back guarantee and a one-year limited
warranty from Zebra Systems.

Timex Games $2 Each

With your order for a T$2068 trackball you can purchase any of the
following Timex TS2068 Trackball and Joystick compatible games at
the special low price of $2.00 each for cassettes and $3.00 for
cartridges.

CAT# TITLE

Cassettes at $2.00 each

64001 Androids

64002 Penetrator

64004 Casino I

64005 Crossfire

64006 Circuit Board Scramble
64007 Dragmaster

64009 Guardian

64012 Fun Golf

CAT# TITLE

64014 Hungry Horace

64015 Horace Goes Skiing
64019 Horace and the Spiders
64021 Blind Alley

64023 Crazybugs

Cartridges at 3.00 each
74001 Androids
74005 Crazybugs

$5 Off Tech-Draw Jr.

You can save $5.00 on the purchase of Tech-Draw Jr. if you
purchase it at the same time as a T$2068 trackball. Instead of the
regular price of 19.95 you can get it for 14.95. See our catalog for a
complete description of Tech-Draw Jr. and a list of printers that it
supports. Order Tech-draw Jr. Catalog yé C256.

TS1000 TRACKBALL
Only $39.95

Originally sold for $109.95
Specify Cat# TBTMX01

Plugs into the back of
TS1000,1500,2068, or ZX81.

We've taken WICO's Apple Il trackball and put its controller
card on an interface adapter for the Timex bus. Now you can get all
the benefits of the Apple Trackball with its intelligent controler
card, on your Timex computer.

The Apple trackball controller has sixteen integrated circuits on
it that read the optical electronic encoder wheels from the trackball
and completely keep track of the trackball movement with seperate
x and y direction up/down counters. This enables your Timex
computer to get the position of the trackball by just reading two
input ports. This is a tremendous advantage on the TS$1000, since
the computer can be left in "SLOW" made for smooth graphics,
while the trackball interface card does all the work.

The Apple II trackballs alone originally sold for over one hundred
dollars. Now you can take advantage of Zebra's recent purchase of a
large number of them at closeout prices. You get the Apple II
trackball with Apple interface card, Zebra's Timex- to-Apple bus
adapter, and complete instruction manual with sample routines for
all the Timex computers, And all for just $39.95.

Ordering Instructions: Include $3.00 S&H for UPS. P.O
Boxes and other orders requiring U.S. Mail must add $4.00 extra
shipping per trackball. VISA/MC Accepted. NY Residents add sales
tax. Order now! Quantites are limited to stock on hand.

Zebra Systems, Inc.

78-06 Jamaica Ave.
Woodhaven, NY 11421
(718) 296-2385
HOURS: M-F 9AM-5PM

TRACKBALLS FOR OTHER COMPUTERS
We have bargain priced WICO trackballs adapted to just about
every popular computer on the market. Send a SASE or call for a
complete list

THRUST TS1000

‘Truc hi-res graphics for the TS 1000, THRUST is two
great programs on one tape. Sinc-Artist 1.3 is the most
user friendly software ever developed for printer
graphics. Completely cursor and menu driven. For
Hunter Board users, there's Sinc-Artist HR which pro-
duces famastic screen graphics. THRUST is both the
most sophisticated and easiest to use hi-res graphics
software ever developed for the TS 1000. If you are
ready for no-nonsense, hassle free graphics, then
THRUST is a “must have."

THRUST for the TS 1000 only $20.00

ARTWORKX V1.1 TS 2068

England's finest graphics package! ARTWORKX V1.1
establishes a new standard for color graphics with
features never before available on small systems, Auto
speed control, pull down menus, unique cut and past
windows, ZOOMI, clastic shapes, multiple fonts,
CENTRONICS I/F capability for full-size print-outs,
and more. All this plus an absolutely uncluttered
screen for full creativity. Easy to use. The joystick
controls EVERYHTING except text entry. The highly
supportive well-written documentation is almost un-
nessesary.

ARTWORX V1.1 for the TS2068 only $19.95

PIXEL SKETCH AND GRAPHICS
EDITOR V2.0 TS 2068

‘This program by Stan Lemke still remains the finest
graphics program produced in the United States and
‘one of the best in the world for the TS 2068. It has had
excellent user group reviews and is a snap to use, Well
written, step-by-step documentation guides you ef-
fortlessly from loading to producing you own
“masterpiece,” Great pixel and text placement contol.
PIXEL SKETCH AND GRAPHICS EDITOR V2.0
only $19.95

KRUNCHER TS 2068 / TS 1000

From the Pacific Northwest comes one of the most ex-
citing utilites ever written. KRUNCHER takes any
BASIC program for the TS 2068 or TS 1000 and in-
stantly reduces it to the tightest BASIC possible
resi ——- peesons presage Imagine aS
those little met savinj eloped over the
yeast i in one en whieh performs automatically
and takes up less than 190 bytes! Simply load KRUN-
CHER, locate it where you want it, load or write your
BASIC progr, invoke KRUNCHER, blink your eye
and it’s done. Memory savings average 20-40%. Great
learning aid for programmers of all levels.

KRUNCHER for TS1000 or TS2068 only $10.00
(Please specify TS1000 or TS2068)

a ee ee
WEYMIL presents...

A small collection of truly innovative products for Sinclair computers

TIME MACHINE TS 2068

‘The first SERIOUS COMPILER for the TS2068. Now
you can convert BASIC programs to super fast
MACHINE CODE without a lot of hassle. Converts
both TS 2068 and SPECTRUM Programs. It func-
tions as both an integer and floating point compiler
simultaneously without the restrictions of either. Com-
piled code can be placed anywhere in RAM, Handles
up to 27K of BASIC. Programs can be either written
or loaded from tape, You've wainted a long time for
this one and here it ist

TIME MACHINE for the TS2068 only $19.95

RIGTER JOYSTICK INTERFACE TS 1000
This is a software programmable Atari-type joystick
interface. it can handle up to 16 different directions or
commands easily. It has it's own self-contained
memory so that it's software occupies no system ram.
The software allows you to configure your joystick to
ANY TS1000 game or graphic software (THRUST,
for example) and it's ready to go. Rear expansion bus
allows other peripherals and the interface is completely
tansparent.

RIGTER JOYSTICK INTERFACE for TS 1000
only $39.95

MINI XMOD TS 1000

Use your TS1000 and Westridge modem to
up/download TS1000 software to any X€MODEM BBS
and see them run. Supports Memotech Centronics 1/F
and others for print-outs to full size printers. Standard
RAM and Hunter Board versions included on same
tape.

MINI XMOD for the TS 1000 only $20.00

LOADER V TS 2068

This program turns MTERM into a REAL com-
munications program. Here's what you get, Auto-
repeat dialing, extra 20 number dialing directory, full
TASWORD II and MSCRIPT text file handling
capability, disk drive and Wafer drive compatible,
multiple loading of Mterm's buffer while on line, and
full XMODEM capability. This program is the COM-
PLETE LOADER SERIES,

LOADER V for TS 2068 only $10.00

CLONE TS 2068

A sophisticated program which allows the user to
make back-up copies of ANY TS2068 or SPECTRUM
software for their own use. Requires no fancy filters or
extra tape recorders, Easy to follow instructions make
it simple to protect your valuable originals,

‘CLONE for the TS2068 only $10.00

SPECIAL OFFER!!!

Save $5.00 when you order the combination of THRUST, RIGTER JOYSTICK INTERFACE, and KRUNCHER 1000
you pay only $64.95

SHIPPING INSTRUCTIONS Please enclose $2.00 shipping and handling with your order.

WEYMIL CORPORATION

BOX 5904
BELLINGHAM, WA 98227—5904

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